Manipulation (psychology)
In psychology, manipulation is defined as subterfuge designed to influence or control another, usually in an underhanded manner which facilitates one's personal aims.[1] Methods used to distort the individual's perception of reality may include seduction, suggestion, persuasion and blackmail to induce submission.[2][3] Usage of the term varies depending on which behavior is specifically included, whether referring to the general population or used in clinical contexts.[4] Manipulation is generally considered a dishonest form of social influence as it is used at the expense of others.[5]
Manipulative tendencies may derive from cluster B personality disorders such as narcissistic, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder (usually by feigning distress or using flattery, gaslighting,[6] emotional blackmail or love-bombing or seduction[6] to obtain affection or to avoid abandonment).[7] Manipulation is also correlated with higher levels of dark empathy,[8] emotional intelligence,[9][7] and is a chief component of the personality construct dubbed Machiavellianism.[10][7]
Differentiation[edit]
Manipulation differs from general influence and persuasion. Non-manipulative influence is generally perceived to be harmless and it is not seen as unduly coercive to the individual's right of acceptance or rejection of influence.[11] Persuasion is the ability to move others to a desired action, usually within the context of a specific goal. Persuasion often attempts to influence ones beliefs, religion, motivations, or behavior. Influence and persuasion are neither positive nor negative, unlike manipulation which is strictly negative.[12][13]