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Renaissance art

Renaissance art (1350 – 1620[1]) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.[2] Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge. Along with Renaissance humanist philosophy, it spread throughout Europe, affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities. For art historians, Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age.

The body of art, including painting, sculpture, architecture, music and literature identified as "Renaissance art" was primarily produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man.[3] Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with medieval values, as is suggested by the French word renaissance, literally meaning "rebirth". In many parts of Europe, Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art.

Classical texts, lost to European scholars for centuries, became available. These included documents of philosophy, prose, poetry, drama, science, a thesis on the arts, and early Christian theology.

Europe gained access to advanced mathematics, which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars.

The advent of in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily, and an increasing number of books were written for a broader public.

movable type printing

The establishment of the and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city, Florence.

Medici Bank

set a new standard for patronage of the arts, not associated with the church or monarchy.

Cosimo de' Medici

philosophy meant that man's relationship with humanity, the universe and God was no longer the exclusive province of the church.

Humanist

A revived interest in the brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello. The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture, which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello.

Classics

The improvement of and developments in oil-painting technique by Belgian artists such as Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices worldwide.

oil paint

The presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of artistic genius, most notably Masaccio, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Piero della Francesca, Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters of the High Renaissance, as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality.[5]

serendipitous

A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in through the talented Bellini family, their influential in-law Mantegna, Giorgione, Titian and Tintoretto.[5][6][7]

Venice

The publication of two treatises by , De pictura ("On Painting") in 1435 and De re aedificatoria ("Ten Books on Architecture") in 1452.

Leone Battista Alberti

Many influences on the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century have been credited with the emergence of Renaissance art; they are the same as those that affected philosophy, literature, architecture, theology, science, government and other aspects of society. The following list presents a summary of changes to social and cultural conditions which have been identified as factors which contributed to the development of Renaissance art. Each is dealt with more fully in the main articles cited above. The scholars of Renaissance period focused on present life and ways improve human life. They did not pay much attention to medieval philosophy or religion. During this period, scholars and humanists like Erasmus, Dante and Petrarch criticized superstitious beliefs and also questioned them. [4] The concept of education also widened its spectrum and focused more on creating 'an ideal man' who would have a fair understanding of arts, music, poetry and literature and would have the ability to appreciate these aspects of life.

The use of – The first major treatment of the painting as a window into space appeared in the work of Giotto di Bondone, at the beginning of the 14th century. True linear perspective was formalized later, by Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti. In addition to giving a more realistic presentation of art, it moved Renaissance painters into composing more paintings.

proportion

– The term foreshortening refers to the artistic effect of shortening lines in a drawing so as to create an illusion of depth.

Foreshortening

– The term sfumato was coined by Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci and refers to a fine art painting technique of blurring or softening of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another through the use of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This stems from the Italian word sfumare meaning to evaporate or to fade out. The Latin origin is fumare, to smoke.

Sfumato

– The term chiaroscuro refers to the fine art painting modeling effect of using a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This comes from the Italian words meaning light (chiaro) and dark (scuro), a technique which came into wide use in the Baroque period.

Chiaroscuro

(1267–1337)

Giotto di Bondone

(1377–1446)

Filippo Brunelleschi

(c. 1383 – c. 1447)

Masolino

(c. 1386 – 1466)

Donatello

(c. 1395 – c. 1455)

Pisanello

(c. 1395 – 1455)

Fra Angelico

(1397–1475)

Paolo Uccello

(1401–1428)

Masaccio

(1404–1472)

Leone Battista Alberti

(c. 1406 – 1469)

Filippo Lippi

(c. 1410 – 1461)

Domenico Veneziano

(c. 1415 – 1492)

Piero della Francesca

(c. 1421 – 1457)

Andrea del Castagno

(c. 1421 – 1497)

Benozzo Gozzoli

(1425–1499)

Alessio Baldovinetti

(1429–1498)

Antonio del Pollaiuolo

(c. 1430 – 1479)

Antonello da Messina

(c.1430–1516)

Giovanni Bellini

(c. 1431 – 1506)

Andrea Mantegna

(c. 1435 – 1488)

Andrea del Verrocchio

(1435–1494)

Giovanni Santi

(c. 1435 – c. 1495)

Carlo Crivelli

(1444–1514)

Donato Bramante

(c. 1445 – 1510)

Sandro Botticelli

(c. 1445 – 1523)

Luca Signorelli

(1446–1516)

Biagio d'Antonio

(1446–1523)

Pietro Perugino

(1449–1494)

Domenico Ghirlandaio

(1452–1519)

Leonardo da Vinci

(1454–1513)

Pinturicchio

(1457–1504)

Filippino Lippi

(1460–1524)

Andrea Solari

(1462–1522)

Piero di Cosimo

(1465–1526)

Vittore Carpaccio

(1465–1525)

Bernardino de' Conti

(c. 1473–1510)

Giorgione

(1475–1564)

Michelangelo

(1480–1557)

Lorenzo Lotto

(1483–1520)

Raphael

(c. 1486 – c. 1542)

Marco Cardisco

(c. 1488/1490 – 1576)

Titian

(c. 1489 – 1534)

Correggio

(c. 1505 – c. 1565)

Pietro Negroni

(c. 1532 – 1625)

Sofonisba Anguissola

, by Hubert and Jan van Eyck

Ghent Altarpiece

, by Jan van Eyck

The Arnolfini Portrait

by Robert Campin

The Werl Triptych

The , by Hugo van der Goes

Portinari Triptych

, by Rogier van der Weyden

The Descent from the Cross

, by Piero della Francesca

Flagellation of Christ

, by Sandro Botticelli

Spring

, by Mantegna

Lamentation of Christ

, by Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper

, by Raphael

The School of Athens

by Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel ceiling

, by Titian

Equestrian Portrait of Charles V

by Matthias Grünewald

Isenheim Altarpiece

, by Albrecht Dürer

Melencolia I

, by Hans Holbein the Younger

The Ambassadors

by Jean Fouquet

Melun Diptych

by Nuno Gonçalves

Saint Vincent Panels

London, UK

National Gallery

Madrid, Spain

Museo del Prado

Florence, Italy

Uffizi

Paris, France

Louvre

Washington, USA

National Gallery of Art

Germany

Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

Amsterdam

Rijksmuseum

New York City, USA

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Belgium, Brussels

Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

Bruges, Belgium

Groeningemuseum

Bruges, Belgium

Old St. John's Hospital

Florence, Italy

Bargello

(National museum of the Renaissance), Écouen, France

Château d'Écouen

Vatican city

Vatican museums

Milan, Italy

Pinacoteca di Brera

a teaching packet from the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

The Inquiring Eye: European Renaissance Art