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Rocket propellant

Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines.

"Rocket fuel" redirects here. For the advertising company "FUEL", see Rocket Fuel Inc. For the drug regimen, see Mirtazapine § Interactions. For the song by Kasabian, see The Alchemist's Euphoria.

(LOX) and highly refined kerosene (RP-1). Used for the first stages of the Atlas V, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, Soyuz, Zenit, Angara and Long March 6, among others. This combination is widely regarded as the most practical for boosters that lift off at ground level and therefore must operate at full atmospheric pressure.

Liquid oxygen

LOX and . Used on the Centaur upper stage, the Delta IV rocket, the H-IIA rocket, most stages of the European Ariane 5, and the Space Launch System core and upper stages.

liquid hydrogen

LOX and (from liquefied natural gas). Used on Vulcan, and also planned for use on several rockets in development, including New Glenn, SpaceX Starship, and Rocket Lab Neutron.

liquid methane

Several universities have recently experimented with hybrid rockets. , the University of Utah and Utah State University launched a student-designed rocket called Unity IV in 1995 which burned the solid fuel hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with an oxidizer of gaseous oxygen, and in 2003 launched a larger version which burned HTPB with nitrous oxide. Stanford University researches nitrous-oxide/paraffin wax hybrid motors. UCLA has launched hybrid rockets through an undergraduate student group since 2009 using HTPB.[12]

Brigham Young University

The Rochester Institute of Technology was building an HTPB hybrid rocket to launch small payloads into space and to several near-Earth objects. Its first launch was in the Summer of 2007.

the first private crewed spacecraft, was powered by a hybrid rocket burning HTPB with nitrous oxide: RocketMotorOne. The hybrid rocket engine was manufactured by SpaceDev. SpaceDev partially based its motors on experimental data collected from the testing of AMROC's (American Rocket Company) motors at NASA's Stennis Space Center's E1 test stand.

Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne

ALICE (propellant)

Trinitramide

Timeline of hydrogen technologies

Category:Rocket fuels

Comparison:

Aviation fuel

Nuclear propulsion

Ion thruster

Crawford burner

(from Rocket & Space Technology)

Rocket Propellants