Romanization
In linguistics, romanisation is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.
"Romanised" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Romanised (horse).Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one may be better for cataloguing international texts.
Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language. (So-called international romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on central-European alphabets like the and Croatian alphabet.)
Czech
Simplicity – Since the basic has a smaller number of letters than many other writing systems, digraphs, diacritics, or special characters must be used to represent them all in Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text.
Latin alphabet
Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version.
(1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4).[1]
Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
(1982): Developed by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization)
DIN 31635
(1984). Transliteration.
ISO 233
(1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case[4]
Qalam
(1993): Simplified transliteration.
ISO 233-2
(1990s): Developed at Xerox by Tim Buckwalter;[5] does not require unusual diacritics[6]
Buckwalter transliteration
Arabic chat alphabet
Anglicisation
expression of a language in Cyrillic letters
Cyrillization
Francization
Gairaigo
though standards vary by polity.
Transcription into Chinese
Latinisation of names
Semitic romanization
Spread of the Latin script
Archived 2008-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)
– A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.
Microsoft Transliteration Utility
Randall Barry (ed.) ALA-LC Romanization Tables U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, 0-8444-0940-5. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)
ISBN
in PDF format
U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables
UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
For Persian Romanization
For Cantonese Romanization