Katana VentraIP

Droughts in the Sahel

The Sahel region of Africa has long experienced a series of historic droughts, dating back to at least the 17th century. The Sahel region is a climate zone sandwiched between the Sudanian Savanna to the south and the Sahara desert to the north, across West and Central Africa. While the frequency of drought in the region is thought to have increased from the end of the 19th century, three long droughts have had dramatic environmental and societal effects upon the Sahel nations. Famine followed severe droughts in the 1910s, the 1940s, and the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, although a partial recovery occurred from 1975-80. The most recent drought occurred in 2012.

While at least one particularly severe drought has been confirmed each century since the 17th century, the frequency and severity of recent Sahelian droughts stands out. Famine and dislocation on a massive scale—from 1968 to 1974 and again in the early and mid-1980s—was blamed on two spikes in the severity of the 1960-1980s drought period.[1] From the late 1960s to early 1980s famine killed 100,000 people, left 750,000 dependent on food aid, and affected most of the Sahel's 50 million people.[2] The economies, agriculture, livestock and human populations of much of Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso (known as Upper Volta during the time of the drought) were severely impacted. As disruptive as the droughts of the late 20th century were, evidence of past droughts recorded in Ghanaian lake sediments suggest that multi-decadal megadroughts were common in West Africa over the past 3,000 years and that several droughts lasted far longer and were far more severe.[3][4]


Since the 1980s, summer rainfall in the Sahel has been increasing; this has been associated with an increase in vegetation, forming what has been called a 'greening' of the Sahel. The observed increase in rainfall is accounted for by enhancements in the African easterly jet, which is known to induce wet anomalies. A 2011 study found that the positional shifts in the African easterly jet and African easterly waves accompanied the northward migration of the Sahel rainband.[5]

United Nations response[edit]

In 1973, The United Nations Sahelian Office (UNSO) was created to address the problems of drought in the Sahel region following the West African Sahel drought of 1968-73. In the 1990s, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was adopted and UNSO became the United Nations Development Programme's Office to Combat Desertification and Drought, as its scope broadened to be global rather than only focused on Africa.[40]

2005–06 Niger food crisis

2010 Sahel famine

2011 East Africa drought

2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought

Desertification

Green Sahara

Great Green Wall (Africa)

Yacouba Sawadogo

Dai, A.; Lamb, P.J.; Trenberth, K.E.; Hulme, M.; Jones, P.D.; Xie, P. (2004). (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 24 (11): 1323–1331. Bibcode:2004IJCli..24.1323D. doi:10.1002/joc.1083. S2CID 6955930..

"The recent Sahel drought is real"

Folland, C. K.; Palmer, T. N.; Parker, D. E. (1986). "Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85". Nature. 320 (6063): 602–607. :1986Natur.320..602F. doi:10.1038/320602a0. S2CID 4231823.

Bibcode

Giannini, A.; Saravanan, R.; Chang, P. (2003). "Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales". Science. 302 (5647): 1027–1030. :2003Sci...302.1027G. doi:10.1126/science.1089357. PMID 14551320. S2CID 25009125.

Bibcode

Glantz, Michael H., ed. (1976). The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought. New York: Praeger.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification home page

Climate research summary - Text, graphics and animations from NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

Sahel drought: past problems, an uncertain future