Geographic place[edit]

Cultural geographers, anthropologists, sociologists and urban planners study why certain places hold special meaning to particular people or animals.[12] Places said to have a strong "sense of place" have a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors.[13][14] Sense of place is a social phenomenon.[15] Codes aimed at protecting, preserving and enhancing places felt to be of value include "World Heritage Site" designations, the British "Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty" controls and the American "National Historic Landmark" designation.

Development of sense of place[edit]

Human geographers, social psychologists and sociologists have studied how a sense of place develops. Their approaches include comparisons between places, learning from elders and observing natural disasters and other events. Environmental psychologists have emphasized the importance of childhood experiences[23] and have quantified links between exposure to natural environments in childhood and environmental preferences later in life.[24] Learning about surrounding environments during childhood is strongly influenced by the direct experience of playing, as well as through the role of family, culture, and community.[25] The special bond which develops between children and their childhood environments has been called a "primal landscape" by human geographers.[26] This childhood landscape forms part of an individual's identity and constitutes a key point of comparison for considering subsequent places later in life. As people move around as adults, they tend to consider new places in relation to this baseline landscape experienced during childhood.[27] In an unfamiliar environment, a sense of place develops over time and through routine practices, a process that can be undermined by disruptions in routines or abrupt changes in the environment.[28]


In the context of climate change, sense of place and then the awareness of the changes and disaster related destruction of place is leading to emotional experiences of grief and solastalgia. Research states that these emotional experiences that arise are inherently adaptive and recommends collective processing and reflecting on these in order to increase resilience and a sense of belonging.[29] In post-disaster situations, some programs aim to re-establish a sense of place through a participatory approach.[30][31]

Music and place[edit]

Ethnomusicologists, among other social scientists (like anthropologists, sociologists, and urban geographers), have begun to point toward music’s role in defining people’s “sense of place.”[32] British ethnomusicologist Martin Stokes suggests that humans can construct an idea of “place” through music that signals their position in the world in terms of social boundaries and moral and political hierarchies.[33] Stokes argues that music does not simply serve as a reflection of existing social structures, but yields the potential to actively transform a given space. Music denoting place can “preform” a knowledge of social boundaries and hierarchies that people use to negotiate and understand the identities of themselves and others and their relation to place.


Examples of music’s role in defining a sense of place include ethnomusicologist George Lipsitz’s research on the performance of Mexican-American cultural identity in Los Angeles.[34] In response to mechanical reproduction and increasingly commodified forms of culture, Walter Benjamin once argued that cultural objects have become increasingly removed from their original context and place of creation.[35] In this context, ethnomusicologist George Lipsitz suggests that a consciousness of invisibility and alienation marks the cultural identity of minority groups excluded from political power and cultural recognition.[36] Lipsitz analyzes the postmodern, cultural strategies (like bifocality, juxtaposition of multiple realities, intertextuality, inter-referentiality, and families of resemblance), Chicano rock-and-roll musicians during the late-1980s in Los Angeles used to define a sense of place within popular culture. By attending to the cultural work of Mexican-American rock-and-roll musicians, Lipsitz identifies how their music actively demonstrates a “conscious cultural politics that seeks inclusion in the American mainstream by transforming it.”[37]

Affordance

Genius loci

Spirit of place

Cultural landscape

Non-place

Activity space

Place identity

Place attachment

Topophilia

Yi-Fu Tuan

Ian Nairn

Marc Augé

Jane Jacobs

Chigbu, U.E. (2013). Fostering rural sense of place: the missing piece in Uturu, Nigeria. Development In Practice, 23 (2): pp. 264–277. View and download article:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614524.2013.772120

. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-501919-9

Alexander, Christopher

Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place, University of California Press, 1998.  0-520-21649-0

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(2005) Place: a short introduction, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0672-7

Cresswell, T.

(2009). Place. In Thrift, N., Kitchen, R., (eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookvolume.cws_home/722034/vol1) pages 384-395.

Cresswell, T.

. 1972. A Sense of Place: The Artist and the American Land. San Francisco: Friends of the Earth. ISBN 1559635681

Gussow, Alan

Hubbard, Phil, Rob Kitchen, and Gil Valentine, eds. 2004. Key Thinkers on Space and Place. London: Sage.  0-7619-4963-1

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Inge, John A Christian Theology of Place, Ashgate, 2003.  0-7546-3498-1

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. Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, Free Press, 1994. ISBN 0-671-88825-0

Kunstler, James

. The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society, New Press, 1998. ISBN 978-156584248-9

Lippard, Lucy

Long, Joshua. 2010. . University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72241-9

Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas

Massey, Doreen B. 2005. For Space. London: Sage.  1-4129-0362-9

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Relph, E. C. Place and Placelessness, Pion, 1976.  0-85086-111-X

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Snyder, Gary. 1996. A Place in Space. Counterpoint.  1-887178-27-9

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Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-And-Imagined Places. Wiley-Blackwell.  1-55786-675-9

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. 1977. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3877-2

Tuan, Yi Fu

. 1990. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07395-X

Tuan, Yi Fu

A Definition of "Sense of Place"

Research on Place and Space