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Sikh Confederacy

The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign states (each known as a Misl, derived from the Arabic word مِثْل meaning 'equal'; sometimes spelt as Misal)[2][3][4][5] which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and is cited as one of the causes of the weakening of the Mughal Empire prior to Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738–1740).[6]

Sikh Confederacy
Sikh Misalā

Confederacy

Amritsar

Punjabi

Sikhism

Aristocratic republican confederation[1]

 

Nawab Kapur Singh

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

Naina Singh

Sarbat Khalsa

 

29 March 1748

7 July 1799

Nanakshahi

India
Pakistan

the military forces of the Sikh Confederacy

Dal Khalsa

History of Punjab

Jat Mahasabha

Khap

Nalwa, Vanit (2009), , New Delhi: Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5

Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji

Narang, K. S.; Gupta, H. R. (1969). . Retrieved 15 July 2010.

History of Punjab: 1500–1558

M'Gregor, William Lewis (1846). . J. Madden. p. 216. Retrieved 2 July 2010.

The history of the Sikhs: containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh

Singh, Fauja (1964). . Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved 1 July 2010.

Military system of the Sikhs: during the period 1799–1849

Prinsep, Henry Thoby (1834). . G.H. Huttmann. Retrieved 8 June 2010.

Origin of the Sikh power in the Punjab, and political life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh: with an account of the present condition, religion, laws and customs of the Sikhs

Cave-Browne, John (1861). . William Blackwood and Sons. Retrieved 10 June 2010.

The Punjab and Delhi in 1857: being a narrative of the measures by which the Punjab was saved and Delhi recovered during the Indian Mutiny

. Jalandhar: Sikh Missionary College.

Brief History of the Sikh Misls

Suri, Sohan Lal (1961). Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, DAFTAR III, PARTS (I—V) 1831–1839 A.D. Delhi: S. Chand & Co.

Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Bakshi, S.R.; Pathak, R. (2007). . Sarup and Son. ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1.

Punjab Through the Ages

Oberoi, Harjot (1994). . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-61593-6. Retrieved 14 June 2010.

The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition

Ahmad Shah Batalia, Appendix to Sohan Lal Suri's Umdat-ut-Tawarikh. Daftar I, Lahore, 1X85, p. 15; Bute Shahs Tawarikh-i-Punjab, Daftar IV, (1848), (MS., Ganda Singh's personal collection. Patiala), p. 6; Kanaihya Lal, Tarikh-i-Punjab, Lahore, 1877, p. 88; Ali-ud-Din Mufti, Ibratnama, Vol. I, (1854), Lahore, 1961, p. 244. Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab (1891), Delhi, 1964, p. 296.

Ian Heath, The Sikh Army, 1799–1849 (Men-at-arms), Osprey (2005)  1-84176-777-8

ISBN

Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs, second rev. ed., Manohar (1994)  81-7304-064-8

ISBN

Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803, second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000)  81-215-0213-6

ISBN

Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls, rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001)  81-215-0165-2

ISBN

Gian Singh, Tawarikh Guru Khalsa, (ed. 1970), p. 261.