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Slavery in the 21st century

Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million[1] to 49.6 million,[2][3][4] depending on the method used to form the estimate and the definition of slavery being used.[5] The estimated number of enslaved people is debated, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;[6] those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.

"Modern slavery" redirects here. For the song by Travis Scott and Quavo, see Modern Slavery (song).

The International Labour Organization[7] estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. Some 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture,[8] 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million people in forced labour imposed by state authorities.[8] An additional 15.4 million people are in forced marriages.[8]

Causes[edit]

Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labour is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such basic transactions do still occur, in contemporary cases people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.[13]


Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of poverty. In countries that lack education and the rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.[14]


In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter. Slaves are more attractive for unpleasant work, and less for pleasant work.


Modern slavery can be quite profitable,[15] and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite its being outlawed by international treaties such as Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,[16] though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of US$40,000 in today's money.[17] Today, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.[18]


Bales explains, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."[19]

Small-scale work, such as laying driveways, and other labor.[107]

building

by hand[107]

Car washing

sometimes with sexual exploitation.[107]

Domestic servitude

(cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work.[107]

Nail salons

mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry.[108][109]

Fishing

– Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour.[110]

Manufacturing

and forestry – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to do farming and forestry work. See prison farm.

Agriculture

In North Korea, dulgyeokdae (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and inminban (women workers) are forced to work in clothing .[25]

sweatshops

In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include:


Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK, people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.[107]


The European Parliament condemned, 386 — 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the COVID-19 pandemic around the world as human trafficking and modern slavery.[111]

Organizational efforts against slavery[edit]

Government actions[edit]

In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US State Department's annual Trafficking In Persons Report assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".[118]


The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Portugal, Croatia, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Norway.[119]


In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the Modern Slavery Act 2015, supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the Criminal Finances Act 2017, effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law.[120] Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information.[121]


The British government has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government supply chains.[122][123] The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign.[124]


In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are North Korea, China, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Hong Kong, Central African Republic, Papua New Guinea, Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan.[119]


The highest court in UK stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.[125][126]

Private initiatives[edit]

In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the Legatum Foundation, Humanity United and the Walk Free Foundation founded the Freedom Fund. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.[127][128][129] BT also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners free the unseen.

Statistics[edit]

Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US $150 billion each year.[130] The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.[131][132] As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million),[133] China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).[134]


Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,[135] UK,[136] Australia[137]). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".[138] In March 2020, released British police records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.[139]


There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.[90]

The 13th explores the "intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;"[145] It is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude. But slavery has been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior, and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen, forcing them to work for the states plus the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by for profit prison corporations that have created the current carceral capitalism in the United States.[146]

documentary film

The documentary film follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.

A Woman Captured

There have been a number of documentaries that highlight worker abuse and other human rights issues in , for example Qatar. There are also calls to boycott the 2022 FIFA World cup in Qatar.[147]

Arab states of the Persian Gulf

Child slavery

County lines drug trafficking

History of slavery

Labor trafficking in the United States

(UK)

Modern Slavery Act 2015

Slavery

Slavery in antiquity

Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era

Slavery in the United States § Reconstruction to the present

Unfree labour

Wage slavery

- According to many sources, human rights violations similar to slavery are occurring frequently.

Xinjiang internment camps

UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery – Ohvhr.org

CNN

The CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery

collected news and commentary at The Guardian

Slavery

collected news and commentary at The New York Times

Slave Labor

European Commission

Report on trafficking in human beings in Europe

Historians Against Slavery

Modern Slavery Laws: 21st Century Plague