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Spaceflight

Spaceflight (or space flight) is an application of astronautics to fly objects, usually spacecraft, into or through outer space, either with or without humans on board. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as satellites in orbit around Earth, but also includes space probes for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflight operate either by telerobotic or autonomous control. The more complex human spaceflight has been pursued soon after the first orbital satellites and has reached the Moon and permanent human presence in space around Earth, particularly with the use of space stations. Human spaceflight programs include the Soyuz, Shenzhou, the past Apollo Moon landing and the Space Shuttle programs. Other current spaceflight are conducted to the International Space Station and to China's Tiangong Space Station.

For other uses, see Spaceflight (disambiguation).

Spaceflight is used for placing in Earth's orbit communications satellites, reconnaissance satellites, Earth observation satellites, but also for space exploration such as space observatories and space probes, or even for space tourism.


Spaceflight can be achieved with different types of launch systems, conventionally by rocket launching, which provide the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propel a spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft—both when unpropelled and when under propulsion—is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics.


Some spacecraft remain in space practically indefinitely, which has created the problem of space pollution in the form of light pollution and space junk, which is a hazard to spaceflight. Otherwise spacecraft are terminated by atmospheric reentry, in which they disintegrate, or if they do not, their reentry is mostly controlled to safely reach a surface by landing or impacting, often being dumped into the oceanic spacecraft cemetery. Spacecraft have thus been the subject of some space traffic management.

Terminology[edit]

There are several terms that refer to a flight into or through outer space.


A space mission refers to a spaceflight intended to achieve an objective. Objectives for space missions may include space exploration, space research, and national firsts in spaceflight.


Space transport is the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer space. This may include human spaceflight and cargo spacecraft flight.

such as spy satellites, weather satellites

Earth observation satellites

Space exploration

Communication satellites

Satellite television

Satellite navigation

Space tourism

Protecting Earth from

potentially hazardous objects

Space colonization

Current and proposed applications for spaceflight include:


Most early spaceflight development was paid for by governments. However, today major launch markets such as communication satellites and satellite television are purely commercial, though many of the launchers were originally funded by governments.


Private spaceflight is a rapidly developing area: space flight that is not only paid for by corporations or even private individuals, but often provided by private spaceflight companies. These companies often assert that much of the previous high cost of access to space was caused by governmental inefficiencies they can avoid. This assertion can be supported by much lower published launch costs for private space launch vehicles such as Falcon 9 developed with private financing. Lower launch costs and excellent safety will be required for the applications such as space tourism and especially space colonization to become feasible for expansion.

*Previously a major region in the Soviet Union

★Launch vehicle fully or partially developed by another country

Erik Gregerson (2010): An Explorer's Guide to the Universe – Unmanned Space Missions, Britannica Educational Publishing,  978-1-61530-052-5 (eBook)

ISBN

Sarah Scoles, "Why We'll Never Live in Space: The technological, biological, psychological and ethical challenges to leaving Earth", vol. 329, no. 3 (October 2023), pp. 22–29. "Perhaps the most significant concern is , something that is manageable for today's astronauts flying in low-Earth orbit but would be a bigger deal for people traveling farther and for longer." (p. 25.) "On the edge of terrestrial frontiers, people were seeking, say, gold or more farmable land. In space, explorers can't be sure of the value proposition at their destination." (p. 27.) "Harmful extraterrestrial microbes could return with astronauts or equipment – a planetary-protection risk called backward contamination." (p. 28.)

radiation

"A Space Settler Walks into a Dome...: A very funny book about why living on Mars is a terrible idea" (review of Kelly Weinersmith and Zach Weinersmith, A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?, Penguin Press, 2023), Scientific American, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), p. 93.

Rebecca Boyle

Aerospace engineering at Wikiversity

Encyclopedia Astronautica

Basics of Spaceflight

Tedd E. Hankins; H. Paul Shuch (1987-03-04). (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-15.

"Reflections – manned vs. unmanned spaceflight"