History[edit]

Early attempts at speech processing and recognition were primarily focused on understanding a handful of simple phonetic elements such as vowels. In 1952, three researchers at Bell Labs, Stephen. Balashek, R. Biddulph, and K. H. Davis, developed a system that could recognize digits spoken by a single speaker.[2] Pioneering works in field of speech recognition using analysis of its spectrum were reported in the 1940s.[3]


Linear predictive coding (LPC), a speech processing algorithm, was first proposed by Fumitada Itakura of Nagoya University and Shuzo Saito of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1966.[4] Further developments in LPC technology were made by Bishnu S. Atal and Manfred R. Schroeder at Bell Labs during the 1970s.[4] LPC was the basis for voice-over-IP (VoIP) technology,[4] as well as speech synthesizer chips, such as the Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips used in the Speak & Spell toys from 1978.[5]


One of the first commercially available speech recognition products was Dragon Dictate, released in 1990. In 1992, technology developed by Lawrence Rabiner and others at Bell Labs was used by AT&T in their Voice Recognition Call Processing service to route calls without a human operator. By this point, the vocabulary of these systems was larger than the average human vocabulary.[6]


By the early 2000s, the dominant speech processing strategy started to shift away from Hidden Markov Models towards more modern neural networks and deep learning.

Interactive voice response

Virtual Assistants

Voice Identification

Emotion Recognition

Call Center Automation

Robotics

Computational audiology

Neurocomputational speech processing

Speech coding

Speech technology

Natural Language Processing

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#10__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--12DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--13DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--14DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--15DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--16DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__answer--17DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$