Syringe
A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes, it is actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel. The plunger can be linearly pulled and pushed along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to take in and expel liquid or gas through a discharge orifice at the front (open) end of the tube. The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle or tubing to direct the flow into and out of the barrel. Syringes are frequently used in clinical medicine to administer injections, infuse intravenous therapy into the bloodstream, apply compounds such as glue or lubricant, and draw/measure liquids. There are also prefilled syringes (disposable syringes marketed with liquid inside).
shorter needles, as insulin injections are subcutaneous (under the skin) rather than intramuscular,
[7]
finer gauge needles, for less pain,
[7]
markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and
[8]
to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.[9]
low dead space
Piston syringes were used in ancient times. During the 1st century AD mentioned the use of them to treat medical complications in his De Medicina.[32]
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
9th century: The /Egyptian surgeon Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili' described a syringe in the 9th century using a hollow glass tube, and suction to remove cataracts from patients' eyes, a practice that remained in use until at least the 13th century.[33]
Iraqi
Pre-Columbian Native Americans created early hypodermic needles and syringes using "hollow bird bones and small animal bladders".[35]
[34]
1650: invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called Pascal's law.
Blaise Pascal
1844: Irish physician invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat neuralgia.
Francis Rynd
1853: and Alexander Wood independently developed medical syringes with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Pravaz's syringe was made of silver and used a screw mechanism to dispense fluids. Wood's syringe was made of glass, enabling its contents to be seen and measured, and used a plunger to inject them. It is effectively the syringe that is used today.
Charles Pravaz
1865: coined the term "hypodermic", and developed an improvement to the syringe that locked the needle into place so that it would not be ejected from the end of the syringe when the plunger was depressed, and published research indicating that injections of pain relief could be given anywhere in the body, not just in the area of pain, and still be effective.[36]
Charles Hunter
1867: The investigated whether injected narcotics had a general effect (as argued by Hunter) or whether they only worked locally (as argued by Wood). After conducting animal tests and soliciting opinions from the wider medical community, they firmly sided with Hunter.[36]
Medical and Chirurgical Society of London
1946: in Smethwick, West Midlands, England, produced the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilisation of components without the need for matching them.
Chance Brothers
1949: Australian inventor Charles Rothauser created the world's first plastic, disposable hypodermic syringe at his Adelaide factory.
1951: Rothauser produced the first injection-moulded syringes made of , a plastic that can be heat-sterilised. Millions were made for Australian and export markets.
polypropylene
1956: New Zealand pharmacist and inventor was granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe.
Colin Murdoch
Fire syringe
fire piston
a device to ease injection, e.g. by the patient or other untrained personnel.
Autoinjector
Hippy Sippy
injects without a needle, by squirting the injection fluid so fast that it makes a hole in the skin.
Jet injector
a standardized fitting system used for making leak-free connections between syringe tips and needles.
Luer taper
is a social policy based on the philosophy of harm reduction where injecting drug users (IDUs) can obtain hypodermic needles and associated injection equipment at little or no cost.
Needle exchange programme
a fairly common extreme fear of hypodermic syringes
Trypanophobia
similar to a syringe except that it has a closed flexible tube (like that used for toothpaste) instead of a rigid tube and piston.
Syrette
to remove excess ear wax.
Syringing the ear
the nymph from classical mythology after which syringes were supposedly named.
Syrinx
with features to prevent accidental needlesticks and reuse
Safety syringe
Vaginal syringe
Hans-Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology: Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Industry. Springer, Berlin 2013, 978-3642392917