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Territorial evolution of Russia

The borders of Russia changed through military conquests and by ideological and political unions from the 16th century.

1917–1918

Crimean People's Republic

1918–1919

Republic of Aras

1917–1920

Alash Autonomy

1918

Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

Ukrainian State, 1917–1921

Ukrainian People's Republic

1918

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)

1918–1920

First Republic of Armenia

1918–1920

Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

1917–

Republic of Finland

1918–1919

Kingdom of Finland (1918)

1918–1919

Belarusian Democratic Republic

1919–1926

Balagad state

1919–1920

North Caucasian Emirate

1919–1940

Republic of Latvia

1920–1922

Republic of Central Lithuania

1918

Centrocaspian Dictatorship

1918–1921

Democratic Republic of Georgia

1917–1918

Moldavian Democratic Republic

1917–1920

Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

1919–1920

North Ingria

1918

Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic

After the October Revolution of November 1917, Poland and Finland became independent from Russia and remained so thereafter. The Russian Empire ceased to exist, and the Russian SFSR, 1917–1991, was established on much of its territory. Its area of effective direct control varied greatly during the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922. Eventually the revolutionary Bolshevik government regained control of most of the former Eurasian lands of the Russian Empire, and in 1922 joined the Russian SFSR to Belarus, Transcaucasia, and Ukraine as the four constituent republics of a new state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which lasted until December 1991.


Territories of the former Russian Empire that permanently or temporarily became independent:


In 1919, northern Mhlyn, Novozybkiv, Starodub, and Surazh counties (povits) of Ukraine's Chernihiv Governorate were transferred from the Ukrainian SSR to the new Gomel Governorate of the Russian republic.[11] In February 1924, Tahanrih and Shakhtinsky counties (okruhas) were transferred from the Donetsk Governorate of Ukraine to Russia's North Caucasus krai.[12][13]


By the end of World War II the Soviet Union had annexed:


Of these, Pechenga, Salla, Tuva, Kaliningrad Oblast, Klaipėda, the Kurils, and Sakhalin were added to the territory of the RSFSR.


The Chinese Eastern Railway, formerly a tsarist concession, was taken again by the Soviet Union after the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict,[14] the railway was returned in 1952.[15]


Meanwhile, territories were removed from the Russian SFSR, including Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in 1924, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1936, and Karelo-Finland from 1945 to 1956. The Crimean oblast and city of Sevastopol were transferred to Ukraine on 19 February 1954 (later annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014).


There were numerous minor border changes between Soviet republics as well.


After World War II, the Soviet Union set up seven satellite states, in which local politics, military, and foreign and domestic policies were dominated by the Soviet Union:[16]

Chechen–Russian conflict

Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

Foundations of Geopolitics

History of the administrative division of Russia

Internal colonialism

Kaliningrad question

Karelian question

Moscow, third Rome

Post-Soviet conflicts

Russian imperialism

Russian irredentism

Near abroad

Russification

Derussification

Soviet Empire

Timeline of geopolitical changes

List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914

List of national border changes (1914–present)

Bassin, Mark. "Russia between Europe and Asia: the ideological construction of geographical space." Slavic review 50.1 (1991): 1–17.

Online

Bassin, Mark. "Expansion and colonialism on the eastern frontier: views of Siberia and the Far East in pre-Petrine Russia." Journal of Historical Geography 14.1 (1988): 3–21.

Forsyth, James. "A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990" (1994)

Foust, Clifford M. "Russian expansion to the east through the eighteenth century." Journal of Economic History 21.4 (1961): 469–482.

Online

LeDonne, John P. The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: The geopolitics of expansion and containment (Oxford University Press, 1997).

McNeill, William H. Europe's Steppe Frontier: 1500–1800 (Chicago, 1975).

(1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5808-9.

Subtelny, Orest

Plamen Mitev, ed. Empires and peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829 (LIT Verlag Münster, 2010).

Treadgold, Donald W. "Russian expansion in the light of Turner's study of the American frontier." 26.4 (1952): 147–152. Online

Agricultural History

Velychenko, Stephen, , AB IMPERIO 1 (2002) 323-66

The Issue of Russian Colonialism in Ukrainian Thought.Dependency Identity and Development