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University

A university (from Latin universitas 'a whole') is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines.[1] University is derived from the Latin phrase universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars".[2] Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

For other uses, see University (disambiguation).

The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic Church monks.[3][4][5][6][7] The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of:

(2000). The Knowledge Factory: Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-3122-3.

Aronowitz, Stanley

Barrow, Clyde W. (1990). Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education, 1894–1928. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press.  978-0-299-12400-7.

ISBN

(1992). Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–1955. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505382-1.

Diamond, Sigmund

Pedersen, Olaf (1997). The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.  978-0-521-59431-8.

ISBN

Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1992). . Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages. Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36105-7.

A History of the University in Europe

Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1996). . Vol. 2: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36106-4.

A History of the University in Europe

Rüegg, Walter, ed. (2004). . Vol. 3: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1.

A History of the University in Europe

Segre, Michael (2015). Higher Education and the Growth of Knowledge: A Historical Outline of Aims and Tensions. New York: Routledge.  978-0-415-73566-7.

ISBN

. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

"Universities" 

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University