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White people

White (often still referred to as Caucasian) is a racialized classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ethnicity and point of view.

For other uses, see White people (disambiguation).

Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White race or pan-European identity. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their light skin among other physical characteristics, entered the major European languages in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved greater acceptance in Europe, in the context of racialized slavery and social status in the European colonies. Scholarship on race distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions, which focused on physical complexion rather than the idea of race. Prior to the modern era, no European peoples regarded themselves as "White", but rather defined their race in terms of their ancestry, ethnicity, or nationality.[1]


Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "White race" as a social construct with no scientific basis.

Allen, Theodore, The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. Verso, London 1994.

Baum, Bruce David, The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. NYU Press, New York and London 2006,  978-0-8147-9892-8.

ISBN

Bonnett, Alastair (2000), , Harlow: Pearson, ISBN 9780582356276

White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives

Brodkin, Karen, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America, Rutgers, 1999,  0-8135-2590-X.

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Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). . New York: The Macmillan Company.

The Races of Europe

Foley, Neil, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)

Gossett, Thomas F., Race: The History of an Idea in America, New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)

Guglielmo, Thomas A., White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890–1945, 2003,  0-19-515543-2

ISBN

Hannaford, Ivan, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)

Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish Became White, Routledge, 1996,  0-415-91825-1.

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Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 February 2008) British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–35 doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.

Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering

Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Harvard, 1999,  0-674-95191-3.

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Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. Constable and Robinson, London.  978-1-84529-158-7.

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Painter, Nell Irvin (2010). . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04934-3. OCLC 317919383.

The History of White People

Rosenberg, NA; Mahajan, S; Ramachandran, S; Zhao, C; ; et al. (2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLOS Genet. 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMC 1310579. PMID 16355252.

Pritchard, JK

Rosenberg, NA; ; Weber, JL; Cann, HM; Kidd, KK; et al. (2002). "Genetic structure of human populations". Science. 298 (5602): 2381–85. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224.

Pritchard, JK

Segal, Daniel A (2002). "Review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit". . 29 (2): 470–73. doi:10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470.

American Ethnologist

Smedley, Audrey, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).

Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown, James S. Pankow, Michael A. Province, Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:268–75.

Wang, Sijia; Ray, Nicolas; Rojas, Winston; Parra, Maria V.; Bedoya, Gabriel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Mazzotti, Guido; Hill, Kim (21 March 2008). . PLOS Genetics. 4 (3): e1000037. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2265669. PMID 18369456.

"Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos"

Battalora, Jacqueline M. (2021). Birth of a White Nation: The Invention of White People and Its Relevance Today (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.  978-1-000-38281-5. OCLC 1227818161.

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Quotations related to White people at Wikiquote

The dictionary definition of Wikisaurus:White person at Wiktionary

Media related to White (human racial classification) at Wikimedia Commons