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William Kingdon Clifford

William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was a British mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termed geometric algebra, a special case of the Clifford algebra named in his honour. The operations of geometric algebra have the effect of mirroring, rotating, translating, and mapping the geometric objects that are being modelled to new positions. Clifford algebras in general and geometric algebra in particular have been of ever increasing importance to mathematical physics,[1] geometry,[2] and computing.[3] Clifford was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression mind-stuff.

For other people with the same name, see William Clifford (disambiguation).

William Clifford
FRS

4 May 1845 (1845-05-04)

Exeter, Devon, England

3 March 1879 (1879-03-04) (aged 33)

Madeira, Portugal

King's College London
Trinity College, Cambridge

Clifford algebra
Clifford's circle theorems
Clifford's theorem
Clifford torus
Clifford–Klein form
Clifford parallel
Bessel–Clifford function
Dual quaternion
Elements of Dynamic

Lucy Clifford (1875–1879)

Mathematics
Philosophy

University College London

Arthur Black

1872. On the aims and instruments of scientific thought, 524–41.

1876 [1870]. .[30][31]

On the Space-Theory of Matter

1877. "The Ethics of Belief." 29:289.[19][32]

Contemporary Review

Elements of Dynamic: An Introduction to the Study of Motion And Rest In Solid And Fluid Bodies

1878. "Applications of Grassmann's Extensive Algebra." 1(4):353.[34]

American Journal of Mathematics

[35]

1879. Lectures and Essays I & II, with an introduction by .[36]

Sir Frederick Pollock

1881. "Mathematical fragments" ().[37]

facsimiles

1882. Mathematical Papers, edited by , with an introduction by Henry J. S. Smith.[38]

Robert Tucker

1885. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, completed by .[39][4]

Karl Pearson

1887. Elements of Dynamic 2.

[40]

Bessel–Clifford function

Clifford's principle

Clifford analysis

Clifford gates

Clifford bundle

Clifford module

Clifford number

Motor

Rotor

Simplex

Split-biquaternion

Will to Believe Doctrine

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clifford, William Kingdon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.

public domain

Chisholm, M. (1997). . Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras. 7S: 27–41. (The on-line version lacks the article's photographs.)

"William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879) and his wife Lucy (1846-1929)"

Chisholm, M. (2002). Such Silver Currents - The Story of William and Lucy Clifford, 1845-1929. Cambridge, UK: The Lutterworth Press.  978-0-7188-3017-5.

ISBN

Farwell, Ruth; Knee, Christopher (1990). "The End of the Absolute: a nineteenth century contribution to General Relativity". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 21 (1): 91–121. :1990SHPSA..21...91F. doi:10.1016/0039-3681(90)90016-2.

Bibcode

Macfarlane, Alexander (1916). . New York: John Wiley and Sons. Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century. (See especially pages 78–91)

Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century

Madigan, Timothy J. (2010). W.K. Clifford and "The Ethics of Belief Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, UK 978-1847-18503-7.

Penrose, Roger (2004). . Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780679454434. (See especially Chapter 11)

The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe

Stephen, Leslie; Pollock, Frederick (1879). . Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan and Company.

Lectures and Essays by the Late William Kingdon Clifford, F.R.S

Stephen, Leslie; Pollock, Frederick (1879). . Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan and Company.

Lectures and Essays by the Late William Kingdon Clifford, F.R.S

at Project Gutenberg

Works by William Kingdon Clifford

William and Lucy Clifford (with pictures)

O'Connor, John J.; , "William Kingdon Clifford", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

Robertson, Edmund F.

at Internet Archive

Works by or about William Kingdon Clifford

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by William Kingdon Clifford

Clifford, William Kingdon, William James, and A.J. Burger (Ed.), .

The Ethics of Belief

Joe Rooney , Department of Design and Innovation, the Open University, London.

William Kingdon Clifford