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World Bank Group

The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Group.[7] The bank is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It provided around $98.83 billion in loans and assistance to "developing" and transition countries in the 2021 fiscal year.[8] The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity.[9] Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $117 billion.[10] Its five organizations are

Established

4 July 1944 (1944-07-04)

Treaty

1818 H Street Northwest,
Washington D.C., U.S.[1]

189 states (188 UN countries and Kosovo)[2]

Board of Directors[5]

The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as the World Bank.


The activities of the World Bank (the IBRD and IDA) focus on developing countries, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation and rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, and electricity), large industrial construction projects, and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the country's economy as a whole. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to the development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution.[11]

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

The WBG came into formal existence on 27 December 1946 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, which emerged from the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1–22 July 1944). It also provided the foundation of the Osiander Committee in 1951, responsible for the preparation and evaluation of the World Development Report. Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 (USD 250M to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan the bank has issued to date).

the (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

the (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;

International Finance Corporation

the (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;

International Development Association

the (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

the (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

(18 June 1946 – 18 December 1946)

Eugene Meyer

(17 March 1947 – 30 June 1949)

John J. McCloy

(1 July 1949 – 31 December 1962)

Eugene R. Black, Sr.

(1 January 1963 – 31 March 1968)

George D. Woods

(1 April 1968 – 30 June 1981)

Robert McNamara

(1 July 1981 – 30 June 1986)

Alden W. Clausen

(1 July 1986 – 31 August 1991)

Barber Conable

(1 September 1991 – 4 May 1995) (on leave from February)

Lewis T. Preston

Ernest Stern (1 February 1995 – 31 May 1995) (Interim)

(1 June 1995 – 31 May 2005)

James Wolfensohn

(1 June 2005 – 30 June 2007)

Paul Wolfowitz

(1 July 2007 – 30 June 2012)

Robert Zoellick

(1 July 2012 – 1 February 2019)

Jim Yong Kim

(1 February 2019 – 8 April 2019) (Interim)

Kristalina Georgieva

(9 April 2019 – 1 June 2023)

David Malpass

(2 June 2023 – Present)

Ajay Banga

(1972–1982)

Hollis B. Chenery

(1982–1986)

Anne Osborn Krueger

(1988–1990)

Stanley Fischer

(1991–1993)

Lawrence Summers

(1993–1996)

Michael Bruno

(1997–2000)

Joseph E. Stiglitz

(2000–2003)

Nicholas Stern

(2003–2007)

François Bourguignon

(June 2008 – June 2012)

Justin Yifu Lin

- (June 2012 – October 2012)

Martin Ravallion

(October 2012 – July 2016)

Kaushik Basu

(August 2016 – January 2018)

Paul Romer

(January 2018 – November 2018) (Acting)

Shanta Devarajan

(November 2018 – February 2020)

Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg

Aart Kraay (March 2020 – June 2020) (Acting)

(June 2020 – June 2022)

Carmen Reinhart

(September 2022 – present)

Indermit Gill

Christopher Willoughby, Successively Unit Chief, Division Chief, and Department Director for Operations Evaluation (1970–1976)

Mervyn L. Weiner, First Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1975–1984)

Yves Rovani, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1986–1992)

Robert Picciotto, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1992–2002)

Gregory K. Ingram, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (2002–2005)

Vinod Thomas, Director-General, Evaluation (2005–2011)

Caroline Heider, Director-General, Evaluation (2011–present)

Afghanistan and the World Bank

Brazil and the World Bank

China and the World Bank

Honduras and the World Bank

Zimbabwe and the World Bank

Architecture of Washington, D.C.

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Official website