Accession of Turkey to the European Union

After the ten founding members in 1949, Turkey became one of the first new members (the 13th member) of the Council of Europe in 1950.^[2][3] The country became an associate member of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1963 and was an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to its end in 2011. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council.


Negotiations for full membership were started on 3 October 2005.^[4] Progress was slow: out of the 35 chapters necessary to complete the accession process, only 16 had been opened and one had been closed by May 2016.^[5] The early 2016 refugee deal between Turkey and the European Union was intended to accelerate negotiations after previous stagnation and allow visa-free travel through Europe for Turks.^[6]


Since 2016, accession negotiations have stalled.^[7] The EU has accused and criticized Turkey for human rights violations and deficits in rule of law.^[8] In 2017, EU officials said that the strong presidency created by the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum would violate the Copenhagen criteria of eligibility for an EU membership.^[9]


On 20 February 2019, a European parliament committee voted to suspend the accession talks, sparking criticism from the government of Turkey.^[10][11][12] Turkey's accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen.^{[13][14][15][16][17]}


On 30 January 2023, the Table of Six (then-main opposition alliance) in Turkey released a memorandum of understanding for common policies. It re-affirmed the opposition's intent to continue the EU accession talks if they were to be elected in that year's elections.^[18][19] It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Ukraine.