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Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, at sea, and in the air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year.

Also known as the Armistice of Compiègne (French: Armistice de Compiègne, German: Waffenstillstand von Compiègne) from the place where it was officially signed at 5:45 a.m. by the Allied Supreme Commander, French Marshal Ferdinand Foch,[1] it came into force at 11:00 a.m. Central European Time (CET) on 11 November 1918 and marked a victory for the Entente and a defeat for Germany, although not formally a surrender.


The actual terms, which were largely written by Foch, included the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, the withdrawal of German forces from west of the Rhine, Entente occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the preservation of infrastructure, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel, the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany. The armistice was extended three times while negotiations continued on a peace treaty. The Treaty of Versailles, which was officially signed on 28 June 1919, took effect on 10 January 1920.


Fighting continued up until 11 a.m. CET on 11 November 1918, with 2,738 men dying on the last day of the war.[2]

First Armistice (11 November 1918 – 13 December 1918)

First prolongation of the armistice (13 December 1918 – 16 January 1919)

[34]

[35]

The Armistice was prolonged three times before peace was finally ratified. During this period it was also developed.


Peace was ratified at 4:15 p.m. on 10 January 1920.[37]

Marshal of France , the Allied supreme commander

Ferdinand Foch

Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative

First Sea Lord

For the Allies, the personnel involved were all military. The two signatories were:[32]


Other members of the delegation included:


For Germany, the four signatories were:[32]


In addition the German delegation was accompanied by two translators:[38]

Termination of hostilities on the Western Front, on land and in the air, within six hours of signature.

[32]

Immediate evacuation of France, Belgium, , and Alsace–Lorraine within 15 days. Sick and wounded may be left for Allies to care for.[32]

Luxembourg

Immediate repatriation of all inhabitants of those four territories in German hands.

[32]

Surrender of : 5,000 artillery pieces, 25,000 machine guns, 3,000 minenwerfer, 1,700 aircraft (including all night bombers), 5,000 railway locomotives, 150,000 railway carriages and 5,000 road trucks.[32]

matériel

Evacuation of territory on the west side of the plus 30 km (19 mi) radius bridgeheads of the east side of the Rhine at the cities of Mainz, Koblenz, and Cologne within 31 days.[32]

Rhine

Vacated territory to be occupied by Allied troops, maintained at Germany's expense.

[32]

No removal or destruction of civilian goods or inhabitants in evacuated territories and all military matériel and premises to be left intact.

[32]

All minefields on land and sea to be identified.

[32]

All means of communication (roads, railways, canals, bridges, telegraphs, telephones) to be left intact, as well as everything needed for agriculture and industry.

[32]

Among its 34 clauses, the armistice contained the following major points:[39]


A. Western Front


B. Eastern and African Fronts


C. At sea


D. General

Armistice Day

Compiègne Wagon

Remembrance Day

Veterans Day

Treaty of Berlin (August 27, 1918)

. 11 November 1918 – via Wikisource.

Armistice between the Allied Governments and Germany 

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The United States naval railway batteries in France

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ISBN

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Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19

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Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs

(2014). Hundred Days: The End of the Great War. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0241953815.

Lloyd, Nick

(2016). Too Important for the Generals: Losing and Winning the First World War. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0593058183.

Mallinson, Allan

(2005). The Great War: An Imperial History. Psychology Press.

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(2005). 11th Month, 11th Day, 11th Hour (illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-944539-5. OCLC 224671506.

Persico, Joseph E.

Poulle, Yvonne (1999). (PDF). Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). 157 (2): 493–502. doi:10.3406/bec.1999.450989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015.

"La France à l'heure allemande"

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Armistice, 1918

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Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration

(1960). The rise and fall of the Third Reich: a history of Nazi Germany. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451642599.

Shirer, William Lawrence

Theodosiou, Christina (2010). "Symbolic narratives and the legacy of the Great War: the celebration of Armistice Day in France in the 1920s". First World War Studies. 1 (2): 185–198. :10.1080/19475020.2010.517439. ISSN 1947-5020. S2CID 153562309.

doi

(2009). The Greatest Day in History: How, on the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month, the First World War Finally Came to an End. New York City: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-772-0. OCLC 191926322.

Best, Nicholas

Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1981). . Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216558-7. OCLC 8387384.

November 1918: the last act of the Great War

Cuthbertson, Guy (2018). . Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300254877.

Peace at Last: A Portrait of Armistice Day, 11 November 1918

Halperin, S. William (March 1971). "Anatomy of an Armistice". The Journal of Modern History. 43 (1): 107–112. :10.1086/240590. ISSN 0022-2801. OCLC 263589299. S2CID 144948783.

doi

Kennedy, Kate, and Trudi Tate, eds. The Silent Morning: Culture and Memory After the Armistice (2013); 14 essays by scholars regarding literature, music, art history and military history Archived 1 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

table of contents

Lowry, Bullitt, Armistice, 1918 (Kent State University Press, 1996) 245pp

Triplet, William S. (2000). (ed.). A Youth in the Meuse-Argonne. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press. pp. 284-85. ISBN 0-8262-1290-5. LCCN 00029921. OCLC 43707198.

Ferrell, Robert H.

Weintraub, Stanley. A stillness heard round the world: the end of the Great War (1987)

Armistice records and images from the UK Parliament Collections

The Armistice agreement (in French – link updated, accessed 13 February 2014)

La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918

The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed 27 July 2006

The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement

Waffenstillstandsbedingungen der Alliierten Compiègne, 11. November 1918 (German text of the Armistice, abbreviated)

Watch six online National Film Board of Canada documentaries about the Armistice

at omniatlas.com

Map of Europe on Armistice Day

– The European Library via Europeana

European newspapers from 12 November 1918

– Metro.co.uk

The Moment the Guns Fell Silent – American Front, Moselle River 11 November 1918

– Recreated sounds at the moment of the armistice – by Coda to Coda Labs

Sound of the Armistice

49°25′39″N 02°54′22″E / 49.42750°N 2.90611°E / 49.42750; 2.90611