Battle of Kiev (1941)
The First Battle of Kiev was the German name for the major battle that resulted in an encirclement of Soviet troops in the vicinity of Kiev during World War II, the capital and most populous city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[8] This encirclement is the largest encirclement in the history of warfare by number of troops. The battle occurred from 7 July to 26 September 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union.
For the second battle during World War II, see Battle of Kiev (1943).
Much of the Southwestern Front of the Red Army (commanded by Mikhail Kirponos) was encircled, but small groups of Red Army troops managed to escape the pocket in the days after the German panzers attacked east of the city; including the forces of Marshal Semyon Budyonny, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev. Kirponos was trapped behind German lines and was killed while trying to break out.
The battle was an unprecedented defeat for the Red Army, and was more damaging than the Battle of Białystok–Minsk of June–July 1941. The encirclement trapped 452,700 Soviet soldiers, 2,642 guns and mortars, and 64 tanks, of which only 15,000 soldiers escaped from the encirclement by the 2nd of October. The Southwestern Front suffered 700,544 casualties, including 616,304 killed, captured, or missing during the battle. The 5th, 37th, 26th, 21st, and 38th armies, consisting of 43 divisions, were almost annihilated and the 40th Army suffered many losses. Like the Western Front before it, the Southwestern Front had to be recreated almost from scratch.
Despite being referred to as the "Battle of Kiev", the city of Kiev itself played a small and peripheral role in the overall battle. The battle took place over a large area in eastern Ukraine, with Kiev being the focal point of Soviet defenses, and of the German encirclement.
Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Third Reich, described the Battle of Kiev as "the biggest battle in the history of the world", while Joseph Goebbels, the German minister of propaganda, called it "the greatest battle of annihilation of all time".[9] Historian Evan Mawdsley described the battle as the Ostheer's "greatest triumph of the war in the East and the Red Army’s greatest single disaster", while historian Michael Jones dubbed the battle to be "the Wehrmacht’s greatest victory of the war".[10]
Prelude[edit]
Plans and preparations[edit]
According to Barbarossa's operational plan, the Wehrmacht's Army Group South under the command of Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt was supposed to dominate the strategic area of Ukraine. This force planned to reach the Dnieper river in an enveloping movement by breaking the Soviet border defense and penetrating 650 kilometers deep into Soviet territory, and encircling the main forces of the Red Army in Ukraine west of the river.[11]
Soviet High Command knew that the main focus of German forces in their invasion would be north of the Pripyat marshes, but Soviet leader Joseph Stalin insisted that the Soviet emphasis should be on the south.[12] The Soviet Southwestern Front under the command of General Mikhail Kirponos in Ukraine was the most powerful front in the western borders of the Soviet Union,[13] possessing a total of four field armies with the support of three mechanized corps in the front line, one mechanized corps in reserve and two mechanized corps in strategic reserve position.[14]
In this situation, the Pripyat marshes separated the southern part of the operational area of the German forces from the northern part, and eliminated the possibility of receiving help for the army group south from other German units until after the Kiev area.[15] The operational area in Ukraine had a greater depth and width than the operational areas of the Wehrmacht's other two army groups, and as Kiev was 600 km away from the border line, it was considered a farther objective. These issues complicated the manoeuvres of the southern Wehrmacht group.[16]
June and July[edit]
After the start of Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941, Army Group South attacked Ukraine.[17] The Red Army forces in this area put up a strong defense and despite a shortage of fuel and ammunition, they were ordered by the high command to carry out immediate counter-attacks.[18] The 13th and 14th panzer divisions overcame this defense, and captured Lutsk on June 26. Panzer Group 1 was the armored spearhead of Army Group South, and was thought to be to in an ideal position to advance towards Kiev via Rivne. Meanwhile, Kirponos was trying to mount a concentrated counterattack. Commencement of his counter-attack on June 26 led to an armored battle of unprecedented scale between more than 2,000 tanks on a 70-kilometer front line.[19] The inexperience of the Red Army officers in controlling the mass of armored forces,[14] contributed to the failure of this counter-attack, and resulted in destruction of many Soviet reserves in the region.[20] German forces also sustained heavy casualties however, and thus Army Group South lagged behind the rest of the advancing German forces.[18]
On June 30, Lvov was captured by the German 17th Army.[21] On the same day, due to the ineffectiveness of earlier counter-attacks, Stavka ordered Kirponos to withdraw his forces to new defensive positions by July 9, in the fortified areas of Korosten, Novgorod-Volynski and Letychiv along the 1939 Soviet-Polish border, known as the Stalin Line. Despite the delay in the advance of the German III Motorized Corps due to the Kirponos counterattack,[22] by the arrival of the 11th Panzer Division at Berdichev on July 7, the Stalin line was also broken and a gap was created between the Soviet 5th and 6th Armies south of Novgorod-Volynski.[21]
With Kiev under threat and the risk of the southwestern front splitting in half between the Soviet 5th Army in Kiev and its 6th Army south of Berdychiv, Stavka ordered a new series of counter-attacks on the same day to destroy the enemy spearhead, stop the advance of the Germans towards Kiev and maintain communication between these two armies. However, before these counterattacks began between July 11 and 14,[23] the capture of Zhitomir by German forces on July 8[24] caused a weakness in Soviet defenses, whereby the German III Motorized Corps managed to break through the enemy's defensive line and open the road to Kiev on July 10.[25] On the same day, 13th Panzer Division of the III Motorized Corps created a defensive gap known as the "Zhitomir Corridor" that reached the Irpen River, just 15 kilometers west of Kiev.[26] Red Army counterattacks again caused significant damage to the mobile forces of the Soviet Southwestern Front; such that only 7 BT and 25 T-26 tanks of the 9th Mechanized Corps, only 4 KV-1, 7 T-34 and 22 T-26 tanks of the 19th Mechanized Corps and only 2 BT and 28 T-26 tanks of the 22nd Mechanized Corps remained out of their initial strength.[27]
Due to some parts of the German forces lagging 100 km behind, the decision of whether to attack Kiev immediately was left to the higher levels of German command. At this time, Nikita Khrushchev, the political commissar of the Soviet Southwestern Front, was in charge of the Kiev garrison, which included three rifle divisions, an airborne brigade, a tank regiment, some motorized forces of NKVD, students of the 1st Artillery College of Kiev, two anti-tank battalions, and about 29,000 militiamen.[26]
Debates over the attack on Kiev[edit]
On July 9, Army Group South command and the German Army High Command (OKH) re-emphasized the encirclement and destruction of the Soviet forces west of the Dnieper as the main objective of the operation. Seeing as the Soviet South-West Front was close to collapsing, capturing of Kiev was considered to be a secondary goal. At this time Hitler did not want to assault Kiev, and prioritised the capture of a bridgehead on the Dnieper, subject to the destruction of large formations of Soviet forces west of the river. However, German Army senior commanders were still interested in capturing Kiev. Repeated attacks by the forces of the Soviet 5th Army from the Pripyat region kept the German 6th Army occupied and unable to be used for this purpose. Rundstedt was confident that Kiev would be captured by the III Motorized Corps in its rapid advance, but Hitler, after consulting with Field marshal Walter von Brauchitsch, commander in chief of the German army, felt that such a move would "unnecessarily sacrifice" panzer forces. Finally, at 1am on July 10, Generaloberst Franz Halder, chief of the German army general staff, called the headquarters of the Army Group South and prohibited the use of panzer forces in the direction of Kiev, except for reconnaissance and security purposes. By approving this order, Hitler made the III Motorized Corps only responsible for protection against attacks from the direction of Kiev, and ordered them to avoid assaulting the city. He further pointed out that if the encirclement of the Soviet forces up to the southern Bug River was not achieved, the whole of the 1st Armored Group would advance towards Kiev and the Dnieper River in the southeast.[28]
Meanwhile, Rundstedt believed that with the retreat of many units of the Red Army to the east, it was no longer practical to encircle them up to the southern Bug River, and together with Halder, he wanted to encircle them around Bila Tserkva, west of the Dnieper River. Hitler expressed his consent to this, provided that the northern flank of Panzer Group 1 would be protected. Brauchich took advantage of the ambiguity of this order, and concluded that the capture of Kiev would secure the Panzer Group's northern flank, but left the final decision to the commander of the Army Group South. Meanwhile, Rundstedt and Field marshal Walter von Reichenau, commander of the German 6th Army, who had previously supported the assault on Kiev, now doubted it. Finally, Generaloberst Ewald von Kleist, commander of Panzer Group 1, was advised that if his offensive in coordination with the 6th Army provided a suitable opportunity to capture this city without the risk of being pushed back, then he was free to do so. Finally, the reconnaissance forces of the Wehrmacht determined on July 13 that the fortifications and concentration of the Soviet forces in Kiev left no chance for a surprise attack.[28]
Change in German strategy[edit]
In early July, after the end of the battle of Smolensk, German Army Group Center planned to attack Moscow from three axes, commencing in the beginning of September.[29] The Soviet 5th Army held its previous positions in the Pripyat Marshes until mid-July, and this caused the creation of an additional front line of more than 250 kilometers in the open southern and northern flanks of the German army groups Center and South. In the face of this situation and following the strong resistance of the Soviet forces around Smolensk, German army High Command changed its strategy for the continuation of the operation from mid-July.[30] Hitler's directive No. 33 on July 19, while criticizing the performance of the northern flank of the Army Group South against the Soviet 5th Army, mandated the German forces to "prevent escape of large amounts of enemy forces by crossing the Dnieper River deep into the Russian territories and destroy them". On this basis, the left wing of the Army Group South, in cooperation with the right wing of the Army Group Center, moved to destroy the Soviet 5th Army. Army Group Center continued its advance towards Moscow only with its infantry.[31] Joint command was not established for the parts of both army groups that were to cooperate in the new operation.[32]
Initial Soviet strategy[edit]
On the 23rd of July, Stavka formed the Soviet Central Front under the command of General Fyodor Kuznetsov, consisting of the severely weakened 13th and 21st Armies, to protect the Gomel and the Sozh River regions on the southern flank of the German Army Group Center.[33]
General Georgy Zhukov, the Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, upon receiving information from the front line, concluded that the movement of the Army Group Center to the east had stopped and that the biggest strategic threat to the Soviet forces was in the Central front, where the movement of German mechanized forces to the south could cause the Soviet Southwestern Front to be in danger of being encircled. Zhukov told Stalin on July 29 that the success of any German advance toward Leningrad and Moscow seemed unlikely, but that the Gomel region was the Red Army's key strategic weakness.[34] Therefore, Zhukov recommended that three armies, including one army from the strategic reserve and two armies from the western and Soviet southwestern fronts, and larger amounts of artillery, be assigned to the Soviet central front. He also recommended that Lt. Gen. Nikolai Vatutin be appointed as its commander.[35] Stalin stated that the transfer of those forces would weaken the defenses of Moscow. In response, Zhukov stated that it was possible to transfer 9 fully equipped divisions from the Far East within two weeks to strengthen these defenses, but Stalin expressed concern that the Far East will be vulnerable to Japanese attack. Zhukov suggested that the Soviet Southwestern Front be pulled back behind the Dnieper River. When Stalin asked about the fate of Kiev in this case, Zhukov stated that it could be abandoned. Stalin became upset and rebuked Zhukov in a harsh tone and called his words "worthless".[36] He stated his intention was to preserve Kiev at all costs, like Leningrad. Zhukov told Stalin that if he thought the Chief of the General Staff was talking "nonsense", he would be dismissed and sent to the front line.[37] Stalin agreed to this request and appointed Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov to replace Zhukov as the chief of the Red Army General Staff, and for Zhukov to command the Soviet reserve front.[33]
Army Group Center's advance to the south[edit]
According to the July 29 report, out of the initial 953 tanks of the Army Group Center's Panzer Group 2 at the beginning of the operation, only 263 tanks remained serviceable as of July 25. This unit also lost about 20,000 men out of its initial strength of 113,000 troops up to this time, while receiving only 10,000 soldiers as replacements. Therefore, Generaloberst Heinz Guderian, commander of the Panzer Group 2 in the right (southern) flank of the Army Group Center, Informed the Army Group commander that his units would not be ready to undertake any new operations before August 5.[45] Facing a high number of enemy forces and logistical problems, on July 30, the Hitler directive No. 34 asked Army Group Center to pull its two Panzer Groups away from the front line to rebuilt and refit in order to transfer them to the flanks, while also taking a defensive posture in the best positions along with limited offensive operations. The purpose of such orders was to focus the German advance on Leningrad in the north and Kiev and Ukraine in the south.[46] The movement of Army Group Center to the south created a possibility that, considering the battlefield conditions and the bulge on the front line, a very large encirclement would be created if the Red Army forces did not evacuate the bulge in time.
Due to the German Army High Command emphasis on Moscow, in order to preserve the necessary resources for the future advance to the east, the number of units initially assigned to the Panzer Group 2 for the new operation was limited.[47] By Halder's order, despite Guderian's opposition and protest, only units of the Panzer Group 2 were to be used, which "are not needed in other missions of the Army Group Center and have enough readiness and mobility for combat". In order to counter the Soviet 5th Army, Halder ordered the capture of the parts of Gomel and Chernigov that could be reached.[48]
By the beginning of the execution of Hitler's directive No. 34 on August 6 by the Central Army Group, the German Second Army and the XXIV Motorized Corps of the Panzer Group 2 attacked in the direction of Gomel in the south by crossing the Suzh River.[49] Guderian's forces, along with air support of the 3rd and 53rd bomber, 210th heavy fighter and 51st fighters wings,[50] pushed back the 21st Army of the Soviet Central Front to the south, threatening Red Army front line by creating a gap between its southern front around Kiev and the units of the western and reserve fronts east of Smolensk. On August 14, Stavka tried to block the Germans advance by filling the gap between the Western and Reserve Fronts and the weak Soviet Central Front. He did so by forming Bryansk Front under the command of Lieutenant General Andrey Yeryomenko with Soviet 3rd and 13th Armies and the newly formed 50th Army.[51] This front, with a total of fifteen rifle divisions, three cavalry divisions, one tank division and one airborne corps, was tasked with covering a front line of 230 kilometers from south of Roslavl in the north to Novgorod-Sversky in the south.[52]
Colonel General Fyodor Kuznetsov, the commander of the Soviet Central Front, decided to abandon Gomel on August 15. The Soviet rearguard left behind to protect the retreat of the rest of the Central Front forces caused resistance for the Germans in Gomel. On August 16, Bock ordered the German Second Army to leave only the necessary forces in the Zhlobin area and with the rest of its forces to attack Gomel in the south. However, the resistance and attacks of the Red Army in the Gomel region on the same day stopped the advance of the XLIII and XIII Army Corps of the German 2nd Army to the south. In order to prevent the escape of Soviet forces from the Gomel area, Guderian ordered the XXIV Motorized Corps to Starodub, 120 km east of Gomel. The road junction in Meglin, 60 kilometers north of Starodub, was captured by the 3rd Panzer Division of this corps on August 16. The next day, despite enduring heavy pressure from the west, the German 10th motorized infantry and 3rd Panzer divisions captured and destroyed a section of the Gomel-Bryansk railway.[53]
Guderian's Panzer forces and the infantry of the Second Army occupied Pochep, 60 km northeast of Starodub, and reached the outskirts of Gomel and Starodub by August 18, in order to sever the connection between the Soviet 13th and 21st armies and cause a break between the Soviet central and reserve fronts.[51] On the same day, Stavka formed the Soviet 40th Army under the command of Major General Kuzma Podlas, as part of the Southwestern Front, specifically to block Guderian's advance.[50] This force was weakened however, only consisting of two rifle divisions and an airborne corps, which were severely weakened by the previous battles in Dnieper River area.[54] On August 19, some units of the 3rd Panzer Division were surrounded by Red Army forces near Oncha, 30 kilometers north of Starodub. As the situation became serious, some forward forces of the 3rd Panzer Division returned to Oncha by fleeing from Starodub. Despite the settlement of the situation in Oncha, the infantry of the German 2nd Army was still far away from this place due to the clashes in the Zhlobin area, and the Red Army still blocked the Meglin-Oncha road.[55]
The Wehrmacht's supply lines were unable to keep up with the advance of Panzer forces on the bad roads of the region. The poor mechanical condition of the Panzer Divisions and the proneness of their tanks to break down became further obstacles to Guderian's advance. Thus, during this period, despite the order of the German Army High Command to XXIV Motorized Corps to advance towards Gomel from the east, this unit was unable to do so. The lack of coordination between the different German divisions created a difficult situation for the Germans in the Gomel region.[55] The diaries of the logistics officer of 3rd Panzer Division on August 18 stated: "The advance of the division is so rapid that the [supply] columns are unable to keep themselves coordinated." The supply columns of the XXIV Motorized Corps were moving at an average speed of only 12 kilometers per hour during this advance. The next day, the lack of fuel forced Generel der Panzertruppen Leo Geyr von Schwepenburg, the commander of the XXIV Motorized Corps, to inform Guderian's headquarters that the capture of Novozibkov, 70 kilometers east of Gomel, was not feasible. Guderian, in turn, reported this issue to Bock. In addition to the fuel issue, the lack of spare parts brought the number of operational tanks of the 4th Panzer Division to only 44, and on August 22 in 3rd Panzer Division to only 60 tanks.[56] Finally, on August 21, the fuel needs of the XXIV Motorized Corps were re-supplied with air transport, and Starodub was captured on August 22.[57]
The final German attack on Gomel began on August 19 with XIII Army Corps attacking it from the northwest and northeast. The 17th infantry division penetrated into the city from the west and north, leading to intense house-to-house clashes. By evening, the Red Army troops were pushed to the southern part of the city, where they attempted to destroy all the bridges over the Sozh River in the city. The fighting continued for another day in Gomel.[58] Despite the strong resistance of the Soviet 21st Army, Panzer Group 2 and the German 2nd Army completely captured Gomel by August 21.[59] The clearing of the city of remaining Red Army elements was done by the German 131st Infantry Division.[60] A third of the Soviet defenders of Gomel were encircled by Germans and defeated.[61] About 50,000 soldiers of the Red Army were captured by the Germans in this position.[62] After the capture of Gomel, the Soviet 5th Army, enduring heavy pressure in its northern flank from the German 2nd Army, began to retreat eastward from the area north of Mosir, southwest of the Pripyat Marshes.[60]
Guderian's entry into Ukraine[edit]
On August 21, Hitler ordered the German 2nd Army and Panzer Group 2 to advance to the south, deeper into Ukraine.[51] However, on August 23, the German Army High Command, in planning to pursue a simultaneous offensive towards the south and Moscow, split Panzer Group 2 and ordered XLVIII Motorized Corps to remain in the Smolensk region as a mobile reserve. On the same day, Guderian, without knowing about such an order, in his meeting with Hitler in Wolfschanze, had the promise that his Panzer group would remain united reaffirmed.[63] The next day, Guderian learned about the order from High Command and immediately requested the return of the corps, which was scheduled to join the German 4th Army. However Guderian's protest was turned down by Bock.[64] Panzer Group 2 resumed its advance to the south on August 25, attacking the Soviet central front through Gomel and Starodub, driving it back in disarray towards the Desna River.[51]
Desna River was considered a major natural obstacle in front of Guderian's forces on their way to entering Ukraine. On August 25, the 3rd Panzer Division reached Novgorod-Sversky on the bank of this river. Panzer Group 2 initially received reports about the destruction of a vital bridge across the Desna. However, it was revealed that the 800-meter bridge was captured intact by the 3rd Panzer Division on the morning of August 26. Guderian called this news "surprising and the most pleasant". After this success, 3rd Panzer Division expanded its front eight kilometers beyond the river to protect the bridgehead. The next day, Soviet forces attempted to take back the eastern bank of the river and destroy its bridge. The German front was pushed back, but the Germans eventually repulsed the attacks. The German 10th Motorized Infantry Division also captured another crossing on the Desna River near Kurup, 50 km southwest of Novgorod-Sversky. On August 30, this division tried to continue advancing south alone, but directly contacted Yeryomenko's offensive frontline and was repulsed. According to diaries of Bock and Guderian, this division was unable to protect its bridgehead south of the Desna river under the attack of four enemy divisions.[65] This assault weakened the 3rd Panzer Division and the 10th Motorized Infantry Division of the XXIV Motorized Corps to such an extent that these two divisions took a defensive position for a while.[47]
Discussion about continuation of the Wehrmacht operation[edit]
On August 26, Guderian asked again the German Army High Command to release the XLVI Motorized Corps, but was once again rejected. On August 27, during a visit of Major General Friedrich Paulus, Quartermeister of OKH, to the headquarters of the Panzer Group 2, Guderian again requested to receive more reinforcements. Guderian stated that the German 2nd Army, advancing towards the southwest, was in an operationally diverging course from Panzer Group 2, and was now separated from the right wing of the XXIV Motorized Corps, which created a 75 km gap between them. He considered the left (eastern) wing of the XXIV Motorized Corps to be similarly insecure. Guderian proposed a solution; transferring the XIII and XLIII Corps as well as the 1st Cavalry Division from the 2nd Army to his command. Guderian also repeated his request for the return of the XLVI motorized corps, and Paulus agreed to support these requests. On the same day, Guderian contacted General-Major Hans von Greifenberg, the Chief of Staff of Army Group Center, and made a similar request for reinforcements. Considering the pressure exerted on the long defensive line of the Army Group Center and its need to have a mobile reserve, Bock, in consultation with Halder, initially agreed only to move the 1st Cavalry Division closer to the right flank of the XXIV Motorized Corps. When Guderian insisted on his demands again on August 29, Bock rejected Guderian's request, stating that the XXIV Motorized Corps had informed the 2nd Army that it did not consider there to be a threat on its right flank. However, Bock agreed for the Grossdeutschland infantry regiment to be transferred to Guderian on the next day.[97]
On August 30, the Operations department of the German Army General staff ordered Army Group Center to prepare to place the divisions of the 2nd Army under the command of Panzer Group 2 after the 2nd Army crossed on Desna river, "in order to continue operations with the Army Group South". The headquarters and "parts of the 2nd Army that are not needed in the continuation of operations south of the Desna River" remained at the disposal of the Army Group Center. The number of these "required divisions" depended on the demands of Army Group South, placing them at the forefront of decision-making.[71]
In the meantime, the issue of continuing the advance to the east towards Moscow was intensively discussed by German high command. A plan was formed that Panzer Group 2 and the 2nd Army would stop at the Nagin-Konotop railway, before completing the encirclement of the Soviet Southwestern Front, and then rush eastward with the rest of Army Group Center.[98] In this regard, after being informed about the Army General staff directive, Hitler informed Brauchitsch on August 30 that the strength of the Army Group Center around Desna River should not be used for operations in Ukraine, but must be prepared to be used to advance towards Moscow. Bock, who had initially wanted to continue advance towards Moscow, now saw operational opportunities in the south, and so was opposed to this plan. He considered Guderian's movement as irreversible, and strongly desired to complete the offensive to the south, to avoid a time-consuming and costly redeployment of forces.[99] Hitler decided to allow Guderian to continue south and connect to the Panzer Group 1.[100]
Continuation of Guderian's advance[edit]
At this time, while the XLVII Motorized Corps was solely responsible for protecting the long left (eastern) flank of the Panzer Group 2, only 86 operational tanks were left for XXIV Motorized Corps as Guderian's armored spearhead. This was equivalent to less than half of the tanks of the 3rd Panzer Division at the beginning of the Barbarossa operation.[101] Only the 4th Panzer division of this corps was capable of offensive operations at the time.[47] Therefore, that same evening, Bock reluctantly agreed to send the SS Panzer Division Das Reich to Guderian. According to Bock, in a report on September 2, Guderian described the situation of the Panzer Group 2 so pessimistic that the commander of the army group proposed to get permission for the tactical withdrawal of Guderian's forces from OKH, so that these forces could support the German 2nd army on their left flank. Guderian immediately rejected this proposal and used the opportunity to insist on his previous request for reinforcements. Finally, under the influence of Guderian's report, Bock agreed to release the XLVI Motorized Corps on September 2.[102]
After four days of halting their armored spearhead at the Desna river crossing and receiving sufficient supplies, the advance of the Panzer Group 2 to the south was resumed on August 31.[47] Guderian's offensive pushed aside the Bryansk front and put the Soviet 180th tank division in a semi-encirclement situation at the end of September 2, while also dealing a heavy blow to its 4th cavalry division. Until September 6, the mobile forces of the Bryansk front were surrounded and fighting for their survival.[103] Guderian's forces had captured around 30,000 Soviet forces prior to the tenth day of their advance in Ukraine.[104]
Following this, Stalin severely criticized Yeryomenko, and ordered him to pull his troops out of the encirclement if possible, and to use any available air forces even in bad weather. At this time, only 16 tanks and 5 armored vehicles were available for the Soviet 108th tank division, and only 38 tanks were left in the 141 tank brigade. Yeryomenko tried desperate measures to free his troops, including the use of roadblocking units that opened fire on his own forces that were retreating without permission, but was unsuccessful.[105]
In a report to Stalin on September 4, Budyonny described the threat to his flanks and requested immediate reinforcements. In the absence of this possibility, Budyonny requested permission to create a reserve force for himself by transferring four divisions from the 37th and 26th armies of the Western Front. At Stalin's behest, Shaposhnikov rejected both of Budyonny's requests.[106] On September 6, when the Soviet 21st Army was placed under the command of the Southwest Front, Kirponos ordered this army to attack the rear of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Divisions XXIV Motorized Corps from the west. The actions of Kirponos did not affect the movement of Guderian's armored forces and they crossed the Saim river the next day. Faced with a dangerous situation, on September 7, Kirponos asked for permission to withdraw his forces north of Kiev to the eastern side of the Desna River.[107] After the fall of Chernigov[b] On September 8 to German 2nd Army, Shaposhnikov informed the Southwestern Front on September 9 that the High Command had decided to withdraw the Fifth Army and the right wing of the Soviet 37th Army to the east of the Desna River, in order to take a distance from the German Sixth Army and rotate its front line to the north, facing the advance of the Panzer Group 2.[109]
Sacrifice of the Soviet Southwestern Front[edit]
The Soviet Southwestern Front was defending a front line of more than 800 kilometers. On September 11, Budyonny sent a telegram to Stalin stating that only powerful forces would be able to prevent the encirclement of this front, which the southwestern front currently lacked. He stated that if the Soviet high command did not provide the necessary reserve forces in this area, it would be necessary to pull back the southwestern front,[110] and any delay in this matter would only cause loss of its forces and the destruction of a large number of supply units.[111] Budyonny also requested permission to withdraw 250 kilometers eastward from the Dnieper River to the Pasel River.[42] However, Stalin again ordered Kirponos not to abandon Kiev without Stavka's permission and not to destroy the bridges.[111] Stalin believed that if the Southwestern Front retreated from the Dnieper River line, the Germans would quickly gain a foothold on its eastern bank. As a result, the southwest front would be under the pressure of the enemy from three directions instead of two when retreating. In addition, if the Germans moved in a coordinated fashion, the Soviets would be surrounded, as it would not be possible to withdraw all 667,000 troops to behind the Pasel River. He considered the encirclement of the 6th and 12th Soviet armies in Uman as the consequence of attempting such a retreat, and that it should not be repeated. Stalin also did not consider the defenses on the Pasel River ready to use.[112]
On September 13, at the suggestion of Zhukov and by order of Stalin,[113] Stavka replaced Budyonny with Marshal Semyon Timoshenko in command of the Soviet Southwestern direction without issuing a withdrawal authorization.[111] Timoshenko, believing that reinforcements were on the way and the Bryansk Front's counteroffensive would have good results, agreed for the Southwestern Front not to retreat. However, only one rifle division and two tank brigades with 100 tanks were provided to him, and it became clear that the Bryansk front lacked vital strength, with only 20 operational tanks in all its tank brigades.[114]
Completion of the encirclement[edit]
On September 12, by transferring tank units from the 55th Army to the 13th Army, Stavka changed the attack plan of the Bryansk Front, and ordered Yeryomenko to stop his offensive along the Roslavl axis. Reorganizing his forces, he ordered for Guderian's left wing to be targeted again to cover the created gap by the September 18 offensive, and to connect with the units of the southwestern front. To encourage Yeryomenko, Stavka promoted him to the rank of Colonel General and assigned some reinforcements to the disorganized Bryansk Front.[111] After being delayed due to rain,[115] the 16th Panzer Division of Army Group Center moved 20 kilometers from the Dnieper River bridgehead to the north, defeating the Soviet 297th Rifle Division. They reached Khorol, 230 kilometers southeast of Kiev, by evening.[111] The division captured the headquarters of the Soviet 38th Army, but Feklenko, the commander of this army, managed to escape.[116] The next day, 14th Panzer Division of Army Group Center reached Lubni, 30 kilometers north of Khorol. By attacking the supply lines of the Soviet Southwest Front, this division captured 1,500 soldiers, 600 trucks, 70 cannons, and 3 aircraft.[117] The 9th Panzer Division was close behind the 16th and 14th divisions. These attacks by Kleist's forces in the Panzer Group 1 created a gap of 20 kilometers between the Soviet 38th and 6th Armies, and placed them only 40 kilometers away from Generalmajor Walther Model's forces in the 3rd Panzer Division of the Army Group Center in the north.[118] At the same time, the resistance of the Red Army forces was increasing and a fierce air battle was underway. The 16th Panzer Division met the stubborn resistance of the NKVD elements in Lubny, and the advance of 3rd Panzer Division from Romny lasted two days.[119] These problems caused the German Army High Command plan to connect two Panzer groups to one another on September 13 not to be realized.
A small battle group from the 3rd Panzer Division, consisting of three tanks, eight armored reconnaissance vehicles, six artillery pieces, and an anti-tank company, advanced southward and captured the city of Lukhvitsa and its bridge over the Sula River. Due to the lack of strength in this location, Guderian requested that infantry take place of the 18th Panzer Division, which was currently was holding a 90-kilometer line, in the northern part of his eastern flank, so that the Panzer division could move towards Romny. The command of the army group opposed this request due to the distance of this division from the intended target, and wanting to suffer minimum attrition before the upcoming attack against Moscow.[120]
In the early morning of September 14, Major General Vasily Tupikov, the Chief of Staff of the Soviet Southwestern Front, sent a personal telegram to Shaposhnikov that stated: "The disaster has begun and will show itself to you in a few days". In a sharp response, Shaposhnikov described Tupikov as "panicky" and called for "calmness and not to yield to panic" at all levels of command and to stop the retreat of the Soviet 21st and 5th Armies. He asked the forces of the Soviet Southwestern Front "not look backwards" and to "fulfil comrade Stalin's order of September ll".[121] On September 15, under pressure, Timoshenko completely reversed his previous opinion and told Shaposhnikov in Moscow that he wanted the immediate withdrawal of the Soviet Southwestern Front.[122] Meanwhile, with the pressure of the German 6th and 2nd armies, the northern wing of the Soviet southwestern front was gradually collapsing. The German 17th army also slowly began to advance from the Kremenchuk bridgehead to the north. The XI Army Corps of the German 17th Army with three infantry divisions was placed under the command of the Panzer Group 1 on September 13, to ensure the protection of the eastern flank of the encirclement that was being completed.[123]
At 18:00 on September 14, a small battle group of the 18th Panzer Division reached an engineer company of the 16th Panzer Division north of Lubny. However, this meeting between the first vanguard elements of the northern and southern pincers was symbolic, and there was still a relatively large space between the body of the two pincers. The next day, more units of the 9th Panzer Division continued moving north to establish a stronger connection.[124] On September 16, with the complete connection of the 3rd and 16th Panzer Divisions, the armored spearheads of the Panzer Groups 1 and 2, in the south of Lukhvitsa, the encirclement ring was completed 120 kilometers southeast of Kiev, such that all the Soviet Southwestern Front, including the five Armies, 5th, 21st, 26th, 37th and 38th, were trapped inside it. The encirclement ring was formed on the eastern side by Panzer groups 1 and 2, and on the western side by the German 2nd and 6th armies.[125] The encirclement included a large region with an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers, 200 kilometers from the connection point of the Wehrmacht's Panzer forces to the city of Kiev, east to west.[126]
Attempted Soviet retreat[edit]
On September 16 in Poltava, in a meeting with General Bagramian, the chief of operations of the Southwestern Front, Timoshenko stated that when the encirclement ring of the Germans is not yet tight, a decision should be made without delay to allow the Southwestern Front to retreat. Timoshenko stated that the High Command will eventually make this decision, but there is no time to waste in receiving confirmation from Moscow. According to Bagramian's memoirs, taking into account the tone of Shaposhnikov's previous telegram, Timoshenko himself deeply doubted the truth of this opinion. Timoshenko ordered Bagramian to fly to Priyatin and verbally order Kirponos to "abandon the Kiev fortification area and, leaving the covering forces on the Dnieper River, immediately begin withdrawing the main body of forces to the defensive rear line (the Psel River).[c] Kirponos was also ordered to carry out counter-attacks in Lubny and Rumny areas to slow down the Panzers as much as possible. Timoshenko, who did not have the authority to issue such an order contrary to Stalin's wishes, refused to give Bagramian a written document in this regard, under the pretext that this flight could be too dangerous and such important orders should not fall into the hands of the enemy. In addition, leaving a written record of such disobedience to Stalin could have cost both their lives. However, after Bagramian delivered Timoshenko's verbal order to the commander of the Soviet Southwestern Front on September 17, Kirponos avoided implementing it until reception of written confirmation. Ignoring Bagramian's protests, he had decided to send a telegram to Moscow to receive the confirmation.[128]
On the same day, Shaposhnikov and Vasilevsky "in a difficult conversation" were once again trying to convince Stalin to withdraw Kirponos' forces; Stalin accused the commanders of the Red Army of "weak resistance against the enemy", and agreed only with the withdrawal of the 5th and 37th armies to better defensive positions. Despite the breakdown in communications, Kirponos finally received a withdrawal confirmation from Shaposhnikov on the night of September 17, but he was only allowed to leave Kiev without retreating all the way to the Psel river. However, a few hours before the arrival of this order, Kirponos, on his own initiative, ordered the Soviet 5th, 21st and 37th armies to attack to the east in order to break the Germans armored wall. The 38th and 40th armies, from outside the encircled area, were also tasked to protect the flanks by attacking Rumny and Lubny in the north and south, respectively. However, due to being under attack from all directions, it was not possible to carry out a coordinated retreat.[129]
Many of the Red Army forces efforts to break out of encirclement were made in a chaotic and unplanned manner. Most of these efforts had no organization and were accompanied with heavy casualties. The attempts to break the encirclement were generally made by a mass of infantry with little artillery support. However, the numerical superiority was often high enough that their efforts were not always fruitless. The attack of the Red Army forces from the east on September 18 partially split the German defense and penetrated to one kilometer from Rumny. At this time, Rumny was the headquarters of Panzer Group 2. Against the attack of two tank brigades, two rifle divisions and one or two cavalry divisions of the Red Army, Guderian had only two battalions of the 10th Motorized Infantry Division and a few anti-aircraft guns. The Soviet Air Force was able to gain local superiority, and targeted Rumny with its heavy bombers. Guderian requested help from the 14th Division of the Panzer Group 1 and ordered the transfer of a part of the SS Das Reich and 4th Panzer divisions from the inner ring to this location. The arrival of the SS division on September 19 and the 4th Panzer launching a counterattack from the south prevented the loss of Rumny to the Soviets. Despite holding Rumny, Guderian moved his headquarters to Konotop.
Elsewhere, the encircled forces in the east of Piryatin launched a powerful attack against the positions of the German 35th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division and by defeating them, temporarily broke the German line. The Panzer regiment of the 9th Panzer Division covered this breach with a successful counterattack. On the morning of September 21, the attacks of the Red Army against the center of the 239th Infantry Division of the German XI Army Corps front line, not only caused a deep breach, but also surrounded the German 372nd Infantry Regiment. Lieutenant General Joachim von Kurtzfleisch, commander of the XI Army Corps, ordered a small force to be sent to this point from three other directions. At the same time, another breakthrough was achieved, this time on the left flank of the German 125th division of this Corps. These breaches caused the front line of the units to be mixed up and created a confused situation for the forces of both armies; noting this, a German soldier wrote in his memoirs: "Often one does not understand who is surrounded; Bolsheviks or us!".
Civilian impact[edit]
Despite the order for wholesale destruction of Kiev issued in the Supplement to Directive 34 from 12 August,[154] the city was spared, to Hitler's fury, as there had been no fighting within.[155] The German troops, who occupied Kiev on 19 September, were surprised by a series of explosions from Soviet radio-mines in the city centre from 24 September onwards, the first of which also killed a number of local civilians reporting at the German Field Command to surrender outlawed items.[156][157] The resulting fire, which was not put out until 29 September, offered the Nazi authorities a pretext to commence the mass murder of Jews in Babi Yar on the same day.[158][159][160] As the city had not been razed, the German leadership launched the plan to starve it while officially attributing the food shortages to the consequences of Soviet economic policies.[161] Ultimately the implementation of the Hunger Plan in occupied Kiev was restrained by the fears of an uprising behind the lines,[162] and the city was only forcibly evacuated and subjected to widespread looting and burning during the German withdrawal in September–November 1943.[163]