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Far East

The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including East, North and Southeast Asia.[1][2] South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term.[3][4]

For other uses, see Far East (disambiguation).

Far East

Far East

Yuǎn Dōng

Yuǎn Dōng

Yuǎn Dōng

Jyun5 Dung1

Óan-tong

အရှေ့ဖျား ဒေသ

Viễn Đông

遠東

ตะวันออกไกล

Tawan-ok Klai

극동

極東

Алс Дорнод
Als Dornod

極東

きょくとう

キョクトウ

Kyoku Tō

Kyoku Tō

تيمور جاءوه
Timur Jauh

Timur Jauh

In Filipino: Kasilangánan
Silangánan (poetic)
Maláyong Silángan (literal)

தூர கிழக்கு
Tūra Kiḻakku

Extremo Oriente

Дальний Восток
IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok]

Dál'niy Vostók

ຕາເວັນອອກໄກ
Taven-ok kai

ចុងបូព៌ា
Chong Bopea

Dok Lorosa'e

The term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 15th century, particularly the British, denoting the Far East as the "farthest" of the three "Easts", beyond the Near East and the Middle East.[5] Likewise, during the Qing dynasty of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "Tàixī (泰西)" – i.e., anything further west than the Arab world – was used to refer to the Western countries.


Since the mid-20th century, the term has mostly gone out of use for the region in international mass media outlets due to its perceived eurocentric connotations.[6][7][8] North Asia is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences.[9]

Popularization[edit]

Among Western Europeans, prior to the colonial era, Far East referred to anything further east than the Middle East. In the 16th century, King John III of Portugal called India a "rich and interesting country in the Far East[10] (Extremo Oriente)." The term was popularized during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India.


In pre-World War I European geopolitics, Near East referred to the relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East denoted north-western Southern Asian region and Central Asia, and the Far East meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French (Extrême-Orient), Spanish (Extremo Oriente), Portuguese (Extremo Oriente), Italian (Estremo Oriente), German (Ferner Osten), Polish (Daleki Wschód), Norwegian (Det fjerne Østen) and Dutch (Verre Oosten).

Burghart, Sabine, Denis Park, and Liudmila Zakharova. "The DPRK's economic exchanges with Russia and the EU since 2000: an analysis of institutional effects and the case of the Russian Far East." Asia Europe Journal 18.3 (2020): 281–303. on North Korea

Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975).

online

Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958)

online

Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online, famous textbook.

Green, Michael. By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (2019)

excerpt

Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).

Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997).

online

Louis, Wm Roger. "The road to Singapore: British imperialism in the Far East, 1932–42." in The fascist challenge and the policy of appeasement (Routledge, 2021) pp. 352–388.

Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.

Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904)

online

Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014)

excerpt

Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).

Solomon, Richard H., and Masataka Kosaka, eds. The Soviet Far East military buildup: nuclear dilemmas and Asian security (Routledge, 2021).

Stephan, John J. The Russian Far East (Stanford University Press, 2022).

Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964)

online free

Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019)

excerpt

Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online.