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Bay of Fundy

The Bay of Fundy (French: Baie de Fundy) is a bay between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a small portion touching the U.S. state of Maine. It is an arm of the Gulf of Maine. Its tidal range is the highest in the world.[1] The name is probably a corruption of the French word fendu, meaning 'split'.[2]

For the local service district of Fundy Bay, see Saint George Parish, New Brunswick § Fundy Bay.

Bay of Fundy

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine

45°00′N 65°45′W / 45.000°N 65.750°W / 45.000; -65.750

Estuary

Likely from the French Fendu, meaning "split".

Canada and USA

Big Salmon, Magaguadavic, Memramcook, Petitcodiac, Quiddy, Saint John, St. Croix, Upper Salmon, Annapolis, Avon, Cornwallis, Farrells, Salmon, Shubenacadie, Kennetcook

Gulf of Maine

Atlantic Ocean

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Geology[edit]

The story of the Fundy Basin begins about 200 million years ago in the early Jurassic, when all land on earth was part of a supercontinent called Pangaea. At that time what is now the Maritimes was situated near the equator and had a warm tropical climate and lush vegetation.[9] As continental drift reshaped the world, rift valleys formed, including the Cobequid–Chedabucto fault system.


During the continental breakup, magma erupted as basaltic lavas and left igneous rock formations such as the columnar jointing which can be seen on Brier and Grand Manan islands, among other places around the bay. These flows often are the sites of rarer mineral deposits including agate, amethyst, and stilbite, the latter being the provincial mineral of Nova Scotia.[9]


These rifts filled with sediment which became sedimentary rock. Many fossils have been found along the Fundy shoreline. The oldest dinosaur fossil in Canada was found at Burntcoat Head. Very early reptiles have been discovered in Carboniferous tree trunks at Joggins. Wasson Bluff has a rich trove of Jurassic fossils.


The bay is a member of the Global Geoparks Network,[10] a UNESCO initiative to promote and conserve the planet's geological heritage.

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Although some land areas are protected, there is no formal marine protection zone in the bay.[11] The Conservation Council of New Brunswick works to protect the ecosystem of the bay.[12][13] A result of shipping traffic has been the potential for increased collisions between ships and the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale. In 2003, the Canadian Coast Guard adjusted shipping lanes crossing prime whale feeding areas at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy to lessen the risk of collision. Many other marine mammals are found in the bay including fin whales, humpback whales, minke whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphin and the harbour porpoise.


The Bay of Fundy mudflats are a rare and unique intertidal habitat. Major mudflats are found on around the Maringouin Peninsula which lies between Shepody Bay and the Cumberland Basin and at the northern end of Chignecto Bay. On the Nova Scotia side, mudflats are found on the southern side of the Minas Basin and in Cobequid Bay. In the Minas Basin, the size of the mudflats from low to high water marks is as much as 4 km (2.5 mi).[14] Due to tidal turbulence, the water in these area contains very high amounts of fine sediment, source from tidal erosion of Carboniferous and Triassic sedimentary rock. Primary producers include hollow green weed, phytoplankton, algae, and sea lettuce.


Protected areas include:

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to Digby, operated by Bay Ferries.

Saint John

to Blacks Harbour and White Head Island, to Grand Manan, operated by Coastal Transport.

Grand Manan

The Letete to Ferry, operated by the New Brunswick Department of Transportation.

Deer Island

to Deer Island and Eastport, Maine, to Deer Island. Operated by East Coast Ferries Limited.

Campobello Island

to Long Island and Long Island to peninsular Nova Scotia, operated by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Public Works.

Brier Island

Tilted layers of sandstone at Hopewell Rocks

Tilted layers of sandstone at Hopewell Rocks

The Minas Basin in early May

The Minas Basin in early May

Reversing Falls is where the Saint John River and Bay of Fundy meet.

Reversing Falls is where the Saint John River and Bay of Fundy meet.

Salmon River tidal bore

Salmon River tidal bore

Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin

Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin

Military action in the bay: , Battle off Cape Split, Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781).

Raid on St. John (1775)

which connects to the Fundy Footpath.

Fundy National Park

The Rocks Provincial Park, site of the

Hopewell Rocks

: Nova Scotia's largest provincial park, named for Cape Chignecto, a headland which divides the Bay of Fundy and Chignecto Bay to the north and the Minas Channel leading to the Minas Basin to the east.

Cape Chignecto Provincial Park

and Five Islands Provincial Park, both in Nova Scotia.

Blomidon Provincial Park

: preserves the house and surrounding landscape of the summer retreat of Franklin D. Roosevelt, on Campobello Island in New Brunswick.[1]

Roosevelt Campobello International Park

: a documentary about the Bay of Fundy ecosystem

Where the Bay Becomes the Sea

: scientific and popular information about the Bay.

Bay of Fundy Ecosystem Partnership

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Boot Island National Wildlife Area in the Minas Basin near the mouth of the .[15]

Gaspereau River

Chignecto National Wildlife Area: near Amherst, contains a wide variety of habitats due to its geology.

[16]

Grindstone Island Conservation Easement: managed by the Nature Trust of New Brunswick through a conservation easement on an island at the entrance of Shepody Bay.

[17]

managed by the Canadian Wildlife Service.[18]

Isle Haute

John Lusby Marsh National Wildlife Area: a large wetland system near Amherst.

[19]

Raven Head Wilderness Area, protects 44 km (27 mi) of undeveloped coast along the bay. It is southwest of Joggins and also a site for fossils. It is also a wildlife habitat for endangered species.

[20]

Shepody National Wildlife Area: a habitat for birds and other wildlife, recognized as an important wetland under the Ramsar Convention, a site of importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, and a bird area by BirdLife International. The dominant bird species is the semipalmated sandpiper.

[21]

South Wolf Island Nature Preserve: in the lower bay, about 12 km (7.5 mi) offshore from . It was donated to the Nature Trust of New Brunswick by Clover Leaf Seafoods in 2011. It is ecologically important for birds, some not common on the mainland, as well as some very rare plants.[13]

Blacks Harbour

Tintamarre National Wildlife Area

[22]

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