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Carl Sagan

Dr Carl Edward Sagan (/ˈsɡən/; SAY-gən; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator. His best known scientific contribution is his research on the possibility of extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by exposure to light. He assembled the first physical messages sent into space, the Pioneer plaque and the Voyager Golden Record, which were universal messages that could potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find them. He argued in favor of the hypothesis, which has since been accepted, that the high surface temperatures of Venus are the result of the greenhouse effect.[4]

For other uses, see Carl Sagan (disambiguation).

Initially an assistant professor at Harvard, Sagan later moved to Cornell, where he spent most of his career. He published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books.[5] He wrote many popular science books, such as The Dragons of Eden, Broca's Brain, Pale Blue Dot and The Demon-Haunted World. He also co-wrote and narrated the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television: Cosmos has been seen by at least 500 million people in 60 countries.[6] A book, also called Cosmos, was published to accompany the series. Sagan also wrote a science-fiction novel, published in 1985, called Contact, which became the basis for the 1997 film Contact. His papers, comprising 595,000 items,[7] are archived in the Library of Congress.[8]


Sagan was a popular public advocate of skeptical scientific inquiry and the scientific method; he pioneered the field of exobiology and promoted the search for extra-terrestrial intelligent life (SETI). He spent most of his career as a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, where he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. Sagan and his works received numerous awards and honors, including the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal, the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (for his book The Dragons of Eden), and (for Cosmos: A Personal Voyage), two Emmy Awards, the Peabody Award, and the Hugo Award. He married three times and had five children. After developing myelodysplasia, Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62 on December 20, 1996.

In 1980, Sagan estimated it to be 10 in short scale (1022).[72]

sextillion

In 2003, it was estimated to be 70 sextillion (7 × 1022).[74]

[73]

In 2010, it was estimated to be 300 sextillion (3 × 1023).

[75]

Annual Award for Television Excellence—1981——PBS series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage

Ohio State University

Apollo Achievement Award—

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

—National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1977)

NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal

—Outstanding Individual Achievement—1981—PBS series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage[62]

Emmy

Emmy——1981—PBS series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage[62]

Outstanding Informational Series

–1989[151]

Fellow of the American Physical Society

—National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal

Leadership Award – Awarded by Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament

Helen Caldicott

—1981—Best Dramatic PresentationCosmos: A Personal Voyage

Hugo Award

Hugo Award—1981——Cosmos

Best Related Non-Fiction Book

Hugo Award—1998—Best Dramatic Presentation—Contact

—1981—Awarded by the American Humanist Association[152]

Humanist of the Year

—1995—Elected to membership.[153]

American Philosophical Society

In Praise of Reason Award—1987—[154]

Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

—1994—Committee for Skeptical Inquiry[155]

Isaac Asimov Award

John F. Kennedy Astronautics Award—1982—[156]

American Astronautical Society

Special non-fiction —1974—The Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective[157]

Campbell Memorial Award

Award—"For distinguished contributions to the welfare of mankind"[158]

Joseph Priestley

of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific—1974

Klumpke-Roberts Award

Golden Plate Award of the —1975[159]

American Academy of Achievement

Medal—Awarded by the Soviet Cosmonauts Federation

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1986—Contact

Locus Award

Award—The Explorers Club—75th Anniversary

Lowell Thomas

American Astronomical Society

Masursky Award

Miller Institute (1960–1962)

Miller Research Fellowship

—1980—PBS series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage

Peabody Award

International Astronautical Federation (IAF)[160]

Le Prix Galabert d'astronautique

—1994—National Academy of Sciences[161]

Public Welfare Medal

—1978—The Dragons of Eden

Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction

Science Fiction Chronicle Award—1998—Dramatic Presentation—Contact

Medal–1991[162]

UCLA

Inductee to in 2004[163]

International Space Hall of Fame

Named the "" on June 5, 2005, Greatest American television series on the Discovery Channel[164]

99th Greatest American

Named an honorary member of the on November 10, 2011

Demosthenian Literary Society

—2009—Inductee.[165]

New Jersey Hall of Fame

(CSI) Pantheon of Skeptics—April 2011—Inductee[a][167]

Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

Grand-Cross of the , Portugal (November 23, 1998)[168]

Order of Saint James of the Sword

Honorary Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) degree from in 1978.[169]

Whittier College

List of peace activists

Sagan effect

Neil deGrasse Tyson

Davidson, Keay (1999). . New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25286-3. LCCN 99036206. OCLC 41580617.

Carl Sagan: A Life

(2006). "Carl Sagan: The People's Astronomer". AmeriQuests. 3 (2). doi:10.15695/amqst.v3i2.84. ISSN 1553-4316.

Morrison, David

Head, Tom, ed. (2006). Conversations with Carl Sagan (1st ed.). Jackson, MS: . ISBN 978-1-57806-736-7. LCCN 2005048747. OCLC 60375648.

University Press of Mississippi

Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit (2004). Carl Sagan: A Biography. Westport, CT: . ISBN 978-0-313-32265-5. LCCN 2004015176. OCLC 55846272.

Greenwood Publishing Group

; Bilson, Elizabeth, eds. (1997). Carl Sagan's Universe. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57603-1. LCCN 96040511. OCLC 36130681.

Terzian, Yervant

Terzian, Yervant; Trimble, Virginia (January 1, 1997). . Bulletin of the AAS. 29 (4).

"Carl Sagan (1934–1996)"

The Carl Sagan Portal

David Morrison, "Carl Sagan", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)

CNN, 1989, video: 44 minutes.

Sagan interviewed by Ted Turner

Great Lives, BBC Radio, 15 December 2017

Carl Sagan

—Interview with Carl Sagan by Ian Ridpath, New Scientist, July 4, 1974

"A man whose time has come"

at IMDb

Carl Sagan

by David Morrison, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

"Carl Sagan's Life and Legacy as Scientist, Teacher, and Skeptic"

at fbi.gov

FBI Records: The Vault – Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan, when he was at Stanford University, in 1962, produced a controversial paper funded by a NASA research grant that concludes ancient alien intervention may have sparked human civilization.

"NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19630011050: Direct Contact Among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight"

at Linda Hall Library

Scientist of the Day-Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan. how Eratosthenes determined that the Earth was round and the approximate circumference of the earth

demonstrates

discography at Discogs

Carl Sagan