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Cedrus libani

Cedrus libani, the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanese cedar (Arabic: أرز لبناني, romanizedʾarz Lubnāniyy), is a species of tree in the genus Cedrus, a part of the pine family, native to the mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. It is a large evergreen conifer that has great religious and historical significance in the cultures of the Middle East, and is referenced many times in the literature of ancient civilisations. It is the national emblem of Lebanon and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.

Uses[edit]

Cedar wood is prized for its fine grain, attractive yellow color, and fragrance. It is exceptionally durable and immune to insect ravages. Wood from C. libani has a density of 560 kg/m3; it is used for furniture, construction, and handicrafts. In Turkey, shelterwood cutting and clearcutting techniques are used to harvest timber and promote uniform forest regeneration. Cedar resin (cedria) and cedar essential oil (cedrum) are prized extracts from the timber and cones of the cedar tree.[31][32]

Ecology and conservation[edit]

Over the centuries, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall survive, though Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there.[33] Attempts have been made at various times throughout history to conserve the Lebanon cedars. The first was made by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.[34]


Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region. In Turkey, over 50 million young cedars are planted annually, covering an area around 300 square kilometres (74,000 acres).[35][36] Lebanese cedar populations are also expanding through an active program combining replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing goats, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms.[36] The Lebanese approach emphasizes natural regeneration by creating proper growing conditions. The Lebanese state has created several reserves, including the Chouf Cedar Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district, and the Forest of the Cedars of God near Bsharri.[37][38][39]


Because during the seedling stage, differentiating C. libani from C. atlantica or C. deodara is difficult,[40] the American University of Beirut has developed a DNA-based method of identification to ensure that reforestation efforts in Lebanon are of the cedars of Lebanon and not other types.[41]

Diseases and pests[edit]

C. libani is susceptible to a number of soil-borne, foliar, and stem pathogens. The seedlings are prone to fungal attacks. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus known to cause considerable damage to food crops, attacks the cedar needles, causing them to turn yellow and drop. Armillaria mellea (commonly known as honey fungus) is a basidiomycete that fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks or stumps and attacks the roots of cedars growing in wet soils. The Lebanese cedar shoot moth (Parasyndemis cedricola) is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae found in the forests of Lebanon and Turkey; its larvae feed on young cedar leaves and buds.[31]

Cedar views in Lebanon

– Lebanon cedar forest that was home to the gods in Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Cedar Forest

– an old-growth C. libani forest and World Heritage Site

Cedars of God

List of plants known as cedar

CABI (1 January 2013). Praciak, Andrew (ed.). . Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 9781780642369.

The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees

Coxe, John Redman (1 January 1808). . Thomas Dobson; Thomas and George Palmer, printers.

The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary: Containing a Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica

Cromer, Gerald (1 January 2004). . Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714656311.

A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel

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doi

Debazac, E. F. (1 January 1964). (in French). École nationale des eaux et forêts.

Manuel des conifères

Eckenwalder, James E. (14 November 2009). Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press.  9780881929744.

ISBN

Erman, Adolf (1 January 1927). Methuen & Company, Limited.

The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instruction, from the Third and Second Millennia B. C.

Fabre, JP; Bariteau, M; Chalon, A; Thevenet, J (2001). . International Meeting on Sylviculture of Cork Oak (Quercus Suber L.) and Atlas Cedar (Cedrus Atlantica Manetti).

"Possibilités de multiplication de pucerons Cedrobium laportei Remaudiére (Homoptera, Lachnidae) sur différentes provenances du genre Cedrus et sur deux hybrides d'espéces, perspectives d'utilisation en France"

Fady, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Reynaud, M.; Vendramin, G. G.; Bou Dagher-Kharrat, M.; Anzidei, M.; Pastorelli, R.; Savouré, A.; Bariteau, M. (1 October 2003). "Gene flow among different taxonomic units: evidence from nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in Cedrus plantation forests". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 107 (6): 1132–1138. :10.1007/s00122-003-1323-z. ISSN 0040-5752. PMID 14523524. S2CID 11703268.

doi

Farjon, Aljos (27 April 2010). . BRILL. ISBN 978-9004177185.

A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 Vols.)

; Burdet, H.M.; Long, G., eds. (1984). "A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries". ww2.bgbm.org. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin. Retrieved 10 January 2017.

Greuter, W.

Güner, Adil, ed. (9 April 2001). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Flora of Turkey, Volume 11 (1 ed.). Edinburgh University Press.  9780748614097.

ISBN

Hemery, Gabriel; Simblet, Sarah (21 October 2014). . A&C Black. ISBN 9781408835449.

The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century

Howard, Frances (1 January 1955). . University of California Press. ISBN 9780520007956.

Ornamental Trees: An Illustrated Guide to Their Selection and Care

Mehdi, Ladjal (1 January 2001). . Doctorate Thesis, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (These de doctorat) – via www.theses.fr.

Variabilité de l'adaptation à la sécheresse des cèdres méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, C. Brevifolia et C. Libani) : aspects écophysiologiques

Masri, Rania (1995), "The Cedars of Lebanon: significance, awareness and management of the Cedrus libani in Lebanon", , Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cedars awareness and salvation effort lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seminar on the environment in Lebanon

Shackley, Myra (1 October 2004). "Managing the Cedars of Lebanon: Botanical Gardens or Living Forests?". Current Issues in Tourism. 7 (4–5): 417–425. :10.1080/13683500408667995. ISSN 1368-3500. S2CID 153516841.

doi

Saint-Vincent, Bory de (1 January 1823). (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Rey et Gravier. p. 299.

Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle

Talhouk, Salma; Zurayk, Rami (2003). . Acta Horticulturae. 615 (615): 411–414. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.46. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2017.

"Conifer conservation in Lebanon"

– information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

Cedrus libani

Online books, and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Cedrus libani