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The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o (more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese (also spelled Tsitsistas, [t͡sɪt͡shɪstʰɑs][3]). The tribes merged in the early 19th century.


At the time of their first European contact, the Cheyenne lived in what is now Minnesota. They were close allies of the Arapaho and loosely aligned with the Lakota. By the early 18th century, they were forced west by other tribes across the Missouri River and into North and South Dakota,[3] where they adopted the horse culture. Having settled the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Powder River Country of present-day Montana and Wyoming, they introduced the horse culture to Lakota people about 1730. With the Arapaho, the Cheyenne pushed the Kiowa to the Southern Plains. In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous Lakota.[4]


The main group of Cheyenne, the Tsêhéstáno, was once composed of ten bands that spread across the Great Plains from southern Colorado to the Black Hills in South Dakota. They fought their historic enemies, the Crow and later (1856–79) the United States Army. In the mid-19th century, the bands began to split, with some bands choosing to remain near the Black Hills, while others chose to remain near the Platte Rivers of central Colorado.


The Northern Cheyenne, known in Cheyenne either as Notameohmésêhese, meaning "Northern Eaters" or simply as Ohmésêhese meaning "Eaters", live in southeastern Montana on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation. Tribal enrollment figures, as of late 2014, indicate that there are approximately 10,840 members, of which about 4,939 reside on the reservation. Approximately 91% of the population are Native Americans (full or part race), with 72.8% identifying themselves as Cheyenne. Slightly more than one-quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English.[5] The Southern Cheyenne, known in Cheyenne as Heévâhetaneo'o meaning "Roped People", together with the Southern Arapaho, form the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, in western Oklahoma. Their combined population is 12,130, as of 2008.[2] In 2003, approximately 8,000 of these identified themselves as Cheyenne, although with continuing intermarriage it has become increasingly difficult to separate the tribes.[3]

Notameohmésêhese / Notameohmésėhétaneo'o proper ("Northern Eaters", also simply known as Ȯhmésėhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o or Omísis – "Eaters" - They go by these names because they were known as great hunters and therefore had a good supply of meat to feed their people. They were the most populous Cheyenne group, inhabiting land from the northern and western (Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva – ″black-rock-Location″) toward the Powder River Country (Páeo'hé'e – ″gunpowder river″ or ″coal river″). Often they were accompanied by their Totoemanaho and Northern Só'taeo'o kin and had through intermarriages close ties to Lakota. Today they, along with the Northern Só'taeo'o, are the most influential among the Northern Cheyenne.

Black Hills

Northern Oévemanaho / Oivimána (Northern Oévemana – "Northern Scabby", "Northern Scalpers" - They now live in and around (Oévemanâhéno – ″scabby-band-place″) near the confluence of the Tongue River and Hanging Woman Creek in the southeastern corner of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation)

Birney, Montana

Northern Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o (Suhtai or Sutaio - They married only other Só'taeo'o (Northern or Southern alike) and camped separate from the other Cheyenne camps. They maintained closest ties to the Notameohmésêhese band and lived in the northern and western (Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva – ″black-rock-Location″). They also roamed together with their Notameohmésêhese and Totoemanaho kin in the Powder River Country (Páeo'hé'e), remaining north of the Platte River. They gained higher band numbers than their southern kin because of better Northern hunting and grass. They now live in and around Birney, Montana (Oévemanâhéno – ″scabby-band-place″). Today they, along with the Notameohmésêhese, are the most influential among the Northern Cheyenne.

Black Hills

Heviksnipahis (Iviststsinihpah)

Hévhaitanio (Heévâhetaneo'o)

Masikota

Omísis (Ôhmésêheseo'o, the Notameohmésêhese proper)

Só'taeo'o (Suhtai or Sutaio, Northern and Southern)

Wotápio

Oivimána (Oévemana, Northern and Southern)

Hisíometanio (Hesé'omeétaneo'o or Issiometaniu)

Ohktounna (Oqtóguna)

Hónowa (Háovôhnóva)

Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles. In the 16th century, they lived in the regions near the Great Lakes.[3] They farmed corn, squash, and beans, and harvested wild rice like other indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. They migrated west in the 18th century and hunted bison on the Great Plains.[3] By the mid-19th century, the US forced them onto reservations.[3]


The traditional Cheyenne government system is a politically unified system. The central traditional government system of the Cheyenne is the Arrow Keeper, followed by the Council of Forty-Four. Early in Cheyenne history, three related tribes, known as the Heviqsnipahis, the Só'taeo'o and the Masikota, unified themselves to form the Tsé-tsêhéstâhese or the "Like Hearted People" who are known today as the "Cheyenne". The unified tribe then divided themselves into ten principal bands:


Each of the ten bands had four seated chief delegates; the remaining four chiefs were the principal advisers of the other delegates. Smaller bands or sub-bands had no right to send delegates to the council. This system also regulated the Cheyenne military societies that developed for planning warfare, enforcing rules, and conducting ceremonies.


Anthropologists debate about Cheyenne societal organization. On the plains, it appears that they had a bilateral band kinship system. However, some anthropologists reported that the Cheyenne had a matrilineal band system. Studies into whether, and if so, how much the Cheyenne developed a matrilineal clan system are continuing.

(1843–1918), son of Owl Woman, warrior, interpreter and Cheyenne historian

George Bent

(c. 1803–1868) (in Cheyenne: Moke-tav-a-to or Mo'ôhtavetoo'o, since 1854 member of the Council of Forty-four and chief of the Wotapio band of Southern Cheyenne, killed by George Armstrong Custer at Battle of Washita River)

Black Kettle

(1810–1883) (in Cheyenne: Vóóhéhéve, better known as Dull Knife, a translation of his Lakota name Tamílapéšni,[55] Head chief of the Northern Cheyenne)

Morning Star

(ca. 1820–1904) (in Cheyenne: Ó'kôhómôxháahketa, more correctly translated Little Coyote, Northern Só'taeo'o chief and Sweet Medicine Chief, was one of the "Old Man" chiefs among the Council of Forty-four, belonged to the Elk Horn Scrapers (Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original Cheyenne military societies)

Little Wolf

Okuhhatuh or "Making Medicine," Southern Cheyenne (1847–1931), veteran of the Red River War, Fort Marion prisoner of war, ledger artist, deacon of Whirlwind Mission, sun dancer, canonized saint in the Episcopal Church

St. David Pendleton Oakerhater

(d. 1847), daughter of White Thunder (keeper of the Medicine Arrows) and wife of William Bent; mother of George Bent

Owl Woman

(in Cheyenne: Woo-ka-nay, Northern Cheyenne, legendary war hero and chief of the Elk Horn Scrapers (Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original Cheyenne military societies)

Roman Nose

chief of the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, killed at Battle of Summit Springs

Tall Bull

Northern Cheyenne Chief, in Cheyenne: Éše'he Ȯhnéšesėstse, also known as Ónonevóo'xénéhe (Ree Roman Nose) or Mȧsėhávoo'xénéhe (Crazy Roman Nose)

Two Moons

Northern Cheyenne, warrior fought at Little Bighorn

Wooden Leg

chief, Southern Cheyenne, peacemaker

Wolf Robe

Please list 20th and 21st-century Cheyenne people under their specific tribes, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes and Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation.

Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes

Native American tribes in Nebraska

The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways

Ambler, Marjane; Little Bear, Richard E; et al. (2008) . Lame Deer, MT: Chief Dull Knife College

We, The Northern Cheyenne People

Berthrong, Donald J. The Southern Cheyenne. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. ISBN 0805017305.

Brown, Dee

Bourke, John G. Mackenzie's Last Fight with the Cheyenne. New York: Argonaut Press, 1966.

Greene, Jerome A. (2004). Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army. Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 9

Grinnell, George Bird. The Fighting Cheyenne. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956. (original copyright 1915, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons).  0879280751.

ISBN

Grinnell, George Bird. . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1923. 2 volumes; trade paperback, reprints: The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society, Bison Books, 1972. ISBN 978-0803257719; The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, and Religion, Bison Books, 1972. ISBN 978-0803257726.

The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life

Hill, Christina Gish (2016). Webs of Kinship: Family in Northern Cheyenne Nationhood. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Hyde, George E. Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters, ed. Savoie Lottinville, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968. Reprint, trade paperback, 1983.  978-0806115771

ISBN

Kroeber, A L (July–September 1900). "Cheyenne Tales". . 13 (50): 161–190. doi:10.2307/533882. JSTOR 533882.

Journal of American Folklore

Moore, John H. Moore (1996). . The peoples of America. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1557864840. OCLC 34412067.

The Cheyenne

Pritzker, Barry M. [ [...]A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.] Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.  978-0195138771.

ISBN

(PDF). Northern Cheyenne Social Studies Units. Northern Cheyenne Curriculum Committee, Montana Office of Public Instruction. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-05-12.

Bringing the Story of the Cheyenne People to the Children of Today

John Stands In Timber and Margot Liberty (2013). . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806143798. Retrieved 2013-07-13.

A Cheyenne Voice: The complete John Stands in Timber interviews

Wooden Leg & Thomas B. Marquis (1931). Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer. University of Nebraska Press.  1539063747.

ISBN

Montana

Northern Cheyenne Tribe

Oklahoma

Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes

Chief Dull Knife College

Cheyenne Dictionary

Encyclopedia of the Great Plains

Cheyennes