Concordat of 1801

The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between the First French Republic and the Holy See, signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 in Paris.^[1] It remained in effect until 1905, except in Alsace–Lorraine, where it remains in force. It sought national reconciliation between the French Revolution and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. This resolved the hostility of devout French Catholics against the revolutionary state. It did not restore the vast Church lands and endowments that had been seized during the Revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Bonaparte's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances.^[2]^[3]

Bonaparte and the Pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by France, especially Italy and Germany.^[4]

A declaration that "Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French" but not the official state religion, thus maintaining religious freedom, in particular with respect to Protestants.

The Papacy had the right to depose bishops; the French government still, since the in 1516, nominated them.

Concordat of Bologna

The state would pay clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state.

The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to Church lands that were confiscated after 1790.

Sunday was reestablished as a "festival", effective , 18 April 1802. The rest of the French Republican calendar, which had been abolished, was not replaced by the traditional Gregorian calendar until 1 January 1806.

Easter Sunday

The main terms of the Concordat of 1801 between France and Pope Pius VII included:

According to Georges Goyau, the law known as "The Organic Articles", promulgated in April 1802, infringed in various ways on the spirit of the concordat.^[8] The document claimed Catholicism was "the religion of the majority of Frenchmen," and still gave state recognition to Protestants and Jews as well.

The Concordat was abrogated by the law of 1905 on the separation of church and state. However, some provisions of the Concordat are still in effect in the Alsace–Lorraine region under the local law of Alsace–Moselle, as the region was controlled by the German Empire at the time of the 1905 law's passage.

Concordat in Alsace–Moselle

Napoleon and the Jews

Aston, Nigel. Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804 (Catholic University of America Press, 2000), pp. 279–315.

Consalvi, Ercole (1866). J. Crétineau-Joly (ed.). (in French). H.Plon.

Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi, avec une introduction et des notes de J.Crétineau-Joly

Crétineau-Joly, Jacques (1869). (in French). Paris: H. Plon.

Bonaparte, le concordat de 1801 et le cardinal Consalvi ; suivi, Des deux letters au père Theiner sur le pape Clément XIV

Roberts, William. "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences." in: Frank J. Coppa, ed., Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler (1999) pp: 34–80.

Sévestre, Emile (1905). (in French) (seconde ed.). Paris: Lethielleux.

L'histoire, le texte et la destinée du Concordat de 1801

Theiner, Augustin (1869). (in French). Vol. Tome I. Bar-le-Duc: L. Guérin & cie.

Histoire des deux concordats de la République française et de la République cisalpine conclus en 1801 et 1803 entre Napoléon Bonaparte et le Saint-Siège--: suivie d'une relation de son couronnement comme empereur des français par Pie VII--d'après des documents inédits, extraits des archives secrètes du Vatican et de celles de France

Walsh, Henry Horace. The Concordat of 1801: A Study of the Problem of Nationalism in the Relations of Church and State (Columbia University Press, 1933).

: selected text of the Concordat and Organic Articles