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Constantinople Agreement

The Constantinople Agreement (also known as the Straits Agreement) was a secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence between members of the Triple Entente from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during World War I. France and Great Britain promised to give Constantinople and the Dardanelles, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, to the Russian Empire in the event of victory.[1] Britain and France put forward their own claims, to an increased sphere of influence in Persia (now named Iran) for Britain, and to the annexation of Syria (including Palestine) and Cilicia for France, all sides also agreeing that the governance of the Holy Places and Arabia would be under independent Muslim rule.[2] The Greek government was neutral, but in 1915 it negotiated with the Allies, offering soldiers and especially a geographical launching point for attacks on the Turkish Straits. Greece itself wanted control of Constantinople. Russia vetoed the Greek proposal, because its own main war goal was to control the Straits, and take control of Constantinople.[3]

This article is about the WWI agreement. For other agreements on, about, by, at Constantinople, see Constantinople Treaty.

Though the Allied attempt to seize the area in the Gallipoli Campaign failed, Constantinople was nevertheless occupied by the victorious Allies at the end of the war in 1918. By that time, however, the Russian Revolution had brought about Russian withdrawal from the war, and as it was no longer one of the Allied Powers the agreement was not implemented. Its existence had been revealed by the Bolshevik government in 1917.

Diplomatic history of World War I

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"France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes-Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul, 1915-1918"

(2001). A peace to end all peace: the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East (1. Owl Books ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0-8050-6884-8. OCLC 53814831.

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"Italy and the Anglo-French Repudiation of the 1917 St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement"

Pınar Üre: , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Constantinople Agreement

Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (2005). Decisions for War,1914–1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  978-0-51119-678-2.

ISBN

Renzi, William A. (March 1970). "Great Britain, Russia, and the Straits, 1914–1915". The Journal of Modern History. 42 (1): 2–20. :10.1086/240513. JSTOR 1905979. S2CID 144998651.

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Bobroff, Ronald (24 February 2006). . I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-142-7.

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Smith, C.Jay (July 1965). "Great Britain and the 1914–1915 Straits Agreement with Russia: The British Promise of November 1914". American Historical Review. 70 (4): 1015–1034. :10.2307/1846901. JSTOR 1846901.

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Macfie, A.L. (1981). . Political Science Quarterly. 22 (2): 321–332. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

"The Straits Question,1908–1914"

Macfie, A.L. (6 December 2006). "The straits question in the First World War, 1914–18". Middle Eastern Studies. 19 (1): 43–74. :10.1080/00263208308700533. JSTOR 1905979.

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Macfie, A.L (1998). . Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-28763-1.

The end of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1923

Langer, William L. (January 1929). "Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904-8". The English Historical Review. 44 (173): 59–85. :10.1093/ehr/XLIV.CLXXIII.59. JSTOR 552495.

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Langer, William L. (September 1928). "Russia, the Straits Question and the Origins of the Balkan League, 1908–1912". Political Science Quarterly. 43 (3): 321–363. :10.2307/2142971. JSTOR 2142971.

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Kerner, Robert J. (September 1929). "Russia, the Straits, and Constantinople, 1914-15". The Journal of Modern History. 1 (3): 400–415. :10.1086/235488. JSTOR 1871427. S2CID 143987882.

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(July 1962). "Russia and the Turkish Straits: A Revaluation of the Origins of the Problem". World Politics. 14 (4): 605–632. doi:10.2307/2009311. JSTOR 2009311. S2CID 154130755.

Hurewitz, J.C.

Yıldız, Gültekin (July 1962). "How to Defend the Turkish Straits Against the Russians: A century-long 'Eastern Question' in British defence planning, 1815–1914". The Mariner's Mirror. 105 (1): 40–59. :10.1080/00253359.2019.1565339. S2CID 159387741.

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Likharev, Dmitrii V. (June 11, 2019). . The Historian. 81 (2): 260–281. doi:10.1111/hisn.13134. S2CID 197703133. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

"Constantinople and the Black Sea straits as Russia's war aims in 1914–1917: A comparison of Russian and American interpretations"