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Cultural Muslims

Cultural Muslims, also known as nominal Muslims,[1] non-practicing Muslims or non-observing Muslims,[2] are people who identify as Muslims but are not religious and do not practice the faith.[3] They may be a non-observing, secular or irreligious[4] individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, ethnic and national heritage, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.[4][5][6][7][8] However, this concept is not always met with acceptance in conservative Islamic communities.[9]

This article is about non-practicing Muslims who still identify with Islam. For Muslims not affiliating with a specific school or branch, see Non-denominational Muslim.

Cultural Muslims can be found across the world, but especially in the Balkans,[10] Central Asia,[11] Europe,[12][13] the Maghreb,[14] the Middle East,[15] Russia,[16] Turkey,[17] Singapore,[18] Malaysia,[19] Indonesia[20] and the United States.[12] In several countries and regions, self-reported Muslims practice the religion at low levels,[21] and for some, their "Muslim" identity is associated with cultural or ethnic or national heritage, rather than merely religious faith.[22]

Criticism[edit]

According to Kia Abdullah, cultural Muslims are at the receiving end of criticism not only from conservative Muslims but also from some progressives, saying that cultural Muslim cherry-pick the best of both worlds without enough proactive contribution and commitment to liberalism.[111]

: She shared during an interview with Porter that she is "proud to be a Muslim",[112][113] but also stated that she lives a spiritual lifestyle, and although her family was not religious, she grew up learning about Judaism and is interested in Islam. "I'm very spiritual, and I find that I connect with every religion," she explained. "There's that my-way-is-the-right-way thing in human nature, but for me it's not about my god or your god. I kind of just call on whoever is willing to be there for me."[114]

Bella Hadid

: Although he is agnostic, he still identifies as a cultural Muslim.[115][116]

Cenk Uygur

: She was born in an Albanian Muslim household. She stated that she is a non-practicing Muslim, but has great respect for the faith.[117]

Dua Lipa

: Said in an interview that she is a cultural Muslim, and describes herself as a secularist.[118][119]

Fatima Bhutto

: In 2020, she stated that she identifies as an agnostic and a cultural Muslim.[120]

Kia Abdullah

: While he does not really believe in a personal God,[121] he identifies as an "ethnic Muslim".

Marat Safin

: He identifies as a "secular Muslim".[122]

Mehmet Oz

: He does not consider himself a devout Muslim.[123]

Mohamed Hadid

: co-founder of Google’s deepmind, now being a CEO of Microsoft AI talks about being a secular Muslim on Sam Harris' podcast[124]

Mustafa Suleyman

: Said he and Javed Akhtar are non-practicing Muslims. [125]

Naseeruddin Shah

: He describes himself as a cultural Muslim who associates the historical and cultural identification with the religion, while not believing in a personal connection to God.[126]

Orhan Pamuk

: While his family's heritage is Muslim, Javid himself is non-practicing,[127] but has remarked that he was 'the first Muslim Home Secretary to be invited (to the iftar)',[128] whereas his wife is a practicing Christian.[129]

Sajid Javid

: Khan identifies as both Muslim and Hindu, commenting that, "I'm Hindu and Muslim both. I'm Bharatiya (an Indian)".[130] He explained, "My father is Muslim and my mother is Hindu".[131]

Salman Khan

: He describes himself as a cultural Muslim.[132]

Sohail Ahmed

: Zakaria is a self-described secular and non-practicing Muslim. He added: "My views on faith are complicated—somewhere between deism and agnosticism. I am completely secular in my outlook." His ex-wife is a Christian, and his three children have not been raised as Muslims.[133][134]

Fareed Zakaria

: the nephew of Cenk Ughur Is a self-described, non-practicing Muslim. He has openly admitted to eating pork, drinking alcohol, and not observing religious practices, yet still identifies with Islam and calls himself a Muslim.[135]

Hasan Piker

: Converted to Islam aged five years old, she self-describes as a practicing but not devout Muslim, unlike her father and fellow actor Robin (who converted prior while in his time in jail) and her sister Queenie (who left showbiz to focus seriously on her Islamic belief). She got engaged to a non-Muslim and fellow actor Aljur Abrenica for three years and has a son with him, yet still identifies with Islam and calls herself a Muslim, making it clear that she is staying with the religion. [136] [137]

Kylie Padilla

: stated that he is both an agnostic and non-religious Muslim.[138]

Nuseir "Nas Daily" Yasin

: despite being born a Muslim, she has stated that she has never practiced it.[139]

Shohreh Aghdashloo

: he was raised in a Muslim household, but he lacked interest in the religion. His wife is a Christian, but his three children follow both religions.[140]

T-Pain

: he has described himself as a "non-practising Muslim".[69][141]

Zinédine Zidane

: he converted to Islam in the early 1990s after being introduced to Nation of Islam though he denied membership to the group. Listening to his own conscience, he self-described as a "natural Muslim, 'cause it's just me and God. You know, going to the mosque, the ritual and the tradition, it's just not in me to do. So I don't do it."[142] He has also said that he thinks "religion is stupid" in part and explained, "I'm gonna live a long life, and I might change religions three or four times before I die. I'm on the Islam tip—but I'm on the Christian tip, too. I'm on the Buddhist tip as well. Everyone has something to offer to the world."[143]

O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson

Abangan

Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam

Islam and secularism

Islamic culture

Islamic feminism

Islamization

Laïcité

Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

Muslims (ethnic group)

Taqiya

Zindīq

Yilmaz, Selman. Cultural Muslims: Background Forces and Factors Influencing Everyday Religiosity of Muslim People. December 2014 DOI:10.7596/taksad.v3i3.360