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Daniel Ellsberg

Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931 – June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post, and other newspapers.

Daniel Ellsberg

(1931-04-07)April 7, 1931

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

June 16, 2023(2023-06-16) (aged 92)

  • Carol Cummings
    (m. 1952; div. 1965)
  • Patricia Marx
    (m. 1970)

1954–1957

In January 1973, Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering (committed by the same people who would later be involved in the Watergate scandal), and his defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg in May 1973.


Ellsberg was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He was also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox; for his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy; and for voicing support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden. Ellsberg was awarded the 2018 Olof Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage".[1]

Early life and career[edit]

Ellsberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) Ellsberg. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. In 2008, Ellsberg told a journalist that his parents considered the family Jewish, "but not in religion."[2]


Ellsberg grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge abutment.[3]


Ellsberg entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at King's College, Cambridge, for a year through funding from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, initially for a diploma in economics and then changed his credits toward a PhD in the subject, before returning to Harvard.[4] In 1954, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and earned a commission.[5] He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 as a first lieutenant.[5] Ellsberg returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows for two years.[5]

RAND Corporation and PhD[edit]

Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959.[6] He concentrated on nuclear strategy, working with leading strategists such as Herman Kahn and challenging the existing plans of the United States National Security Council and Strategic Air Command.[7]


Ellsberg completed a PhD in economics from Harvard in 1962.[5] His dissertation on decision theory was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities. Now known as the Ellsberg paradox,[8] it formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory.[9]


Ellsberg worked in the Pentagon from August 1964[10] under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs John McNaughton. He then went to South Vietnam for two years, working for General Edward Lansdale as a member of the State Department.[11]


On his return from South Vietnam, Ellsberg resumed working at RAND. In 1967, he contributed with 33 other analysts to a top-secret 47-volume study of classified documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War, commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara and supervised by Leslie H. Gelb and Morton Halperin.[12][13][14] These 7,000 pages of documents, completed in late 1968 and presented to McNamara and Clark Clifford early in the following year, later became known collectively as the "Pentagon Papers".[15][14][13]

Ellsberg Papers[edit]

The University of Massachusetts Amherst acquired Ellsberg's papers.[112][113]

Awards and honors[edit]

Ellsberg was the recipient of the inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established in 2004 by The Nation Institute and the Fertel Foundation.[120] In 1978, he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace. On September 28, 2006, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal risk, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example".[121] He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016.[122] He received the 2018 Olof Palme Prize and the 2022 Sam Adams Award.[1][123]

Ellsberg, Daniel (1972). . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439193761.

Papers on the War

Ellsberg, Daniel (1981). "Introduction". In ; Smith, Dan (eds.). Protest and Survive. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-0853455820.

Thompson, E. P.

Ellsberg, Daniel (2001). . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0815340225.

Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision

Ellsberg, Daniel (2003). . New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670030309. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers

Ellsberg, Daniel (2017). . Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1608196708. Retrieved April 4, 2023.

The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner

(2003) is a historical film directed by Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and Ellsberg's involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents Ellsberg's life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial.[124]

The Pentagon Papers

(2009) a feature-length documentary by Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith traced the decision-making processes by which Ellsberg came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the press, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration's legal and extra-legal campaign to discredit and incarcerate Ellsberg. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award after its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS.[125]

The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers

a 1974 Academy Award winning documentary film about the Vietnam War with extensive interviews with Ellsberg.

Hearts and Minds

is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a script written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer about The Washington Post's battle with the federal government over its right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the movie, Ellsberg is portrayed by Matthew Rhys. The film also stars Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee and Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham.[126]

The Post

a 2020 documentary film about the draft resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich.[127]

The Boys Who Said NO!

"", a 2023 PBS American Experience documentary film reports how two enormous antiwar protests in the fall of 1969 pressured President Nixon to cancel his secret "madman" plans for a major escalation of the war in Vietnam, including threats to use nuclear weapons. The film was directed and produced by Stephen Talbot and features a key interview with Ellsberg.[128][129]

The Movement and the 'Madman'

“” Episode 3, Netflix: “With firsthand accounts and access to prominent figures around the world, this comprehensive docuseries explores the Cold War and its aftermath. Episode 3 includes an inspiring, recent interview with Ellsberg and his self-sacrificing choice to release information to the public that would enlighten the world’s understanding of Nuclear Weapons forever and hopefully eventually put an end to the insane development of real life “Doomsday Machines” that still threaten the existence of civilization.

Turning Point: The Bomb and The Cold War

Jack Anderson

Thomas Andrews Drake

List of peace activists

Tran Ngoc Chau

Reality Winner

Official name of the Pentagon Papers: .

History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967

The Pentagon Papers as published by the New York Times. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.

United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Study, 12 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press

Official website

at the UMass Amherst Libraries

The Daniel Ellsberg Papers

on C-SPAN

Appearances

at IMDb

Daniel Ellsberg

The collection at the Internet Archive

Daniel Ellsberg

The Pentagon Papers

Archived June 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

Espionage Act 1917

– Project formed by Ellsberg for whistleblowers

The Truth-Telling Project

2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient Daniel Ellsberg

. February 1, 2018 – via YouTube.

"The Doomsday Machine | Daniel Ellsberg | Talks at Google"

Archived at and the Wayback Machine: "On Julian Assange: Marianne Williamson in Conversation with Daniel Ellsberg". July 26, 2021 – via YouTube.

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