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Death (personification)

Death is frequently imagined as a personified force. In some mythologies, a character known as the Grim Reaper (usually depicted as a berobed skeleton wielding a scythe) causes the victim's death by coming to collect that person's soul. Other beliefs hold that the spectre of death is only a psychopomp, a benevolent figure who serves to gently sever the last ties between the soul and the body, and to guide the deceased to the afterlife, without having any control over when or how the victim dies. Death is most often personified in male form, although in certain cultures death is perceived as female (for instance, Marzanna in Slavic mythology, or Santa Muerte in Mexico). Death is also portrayed as one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Most claims of its appearance occur in states of near-death.[1]

"Grim Reaper" redirects here. For other uses, see Grim Reaper (disambiguation).
Medieval painting of Death playing chess from Täby Church in Sweden

Medieval painting of Death playing chess from Täby Church in Sweden

Death personified in Punch

Death personified in Punch

Death by Cholera personified as a Reaper in Le Petit Journal

Death by Cholera personified as a Reaper in Le Petit Journal

Death personified in de Vauce-Hours by Jean Fouquet

Death personified in de Vauce-Hours by Jean Fouquet

Art from a votive candle of Santa Muerte

Trionfo Della Morte, painted on the external wall of the Church of Disciplini in Clusone, Italy

Trionfo Della Morte, painted on the external wall of the Church of Disciplini in Clusone, Italy

Illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Death

Illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Death

Illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Death

Illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Death

The Danse Macabre in the Holy Trinity Church in Hrastovlje, Slovenia

The Danse Macabre in the Holy Trinity Church in Hrastovlje, Slovenia

The Dance of Death (1493) by Michael Wolgemut

The Dance of Death (1493) by Michael Wolgemut

Death Tarot card

Death Tarot card

De triomf van de dood, by James Ensor, 1887, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

De triomf van de dood, by James Ensor, 1887, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

Plague (1898) by Arnold Böcklin, tempera on wood

Plague (1898) by Arnold Böcklin, tempera on wood

An Illustration by Gustave Doré from "The Raven"

An Illustration by Gustave Doré from "The Raven"

The Chariot of Death, 1848–1851 painting by Théophile Schuler. Death is depicted both as a beautiful angel and as a hideous skeleton.

The Chariot of Death, 1848–1851 painting by Théophile Schuler. Death is depicted both as a beautiful angel and as a hideous skeleton.

Ankou

Anthropomorphism

Danse Macabre

Davy Jones's locker

Death and the Maiden

Death (Tarot card)

List of death deities

Shinigami

Skeleton (undead)

Skeleton

Skull art

Veneration of the dead

Bender, A. P. (January 1894). "Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 6 (2): 317–347. :10.2307/1450143. JSTOR 1450143.

doi

Bender, A. P. (July 1894). "Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 6 (4): 664–671. :10.2307/1450184. JSTOR 1450184.

doi

Böklen, Ernst (1902). . Göttingen: Vendenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdisch-Christlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie

Cantu, Dean (March 2018). "Memento Mori: The Personification of Death." TEDxTalk, University of Tulsa.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvnnqRy6ctI

(1895). Handbuch der alttestamentlichen Theologie. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.

Dillmann, August

Gordon, Maurice Bear (December 1941). "Medicine among the Ancient Hebrews". . 33 (4): 454–485. doi:10.1086/358601. JSTOR 330623. S2CID 41263628.

Isis

Hamburger, J[acob] (1884). . Real-Encyclopädie für Bibel und Talmud: Wörterbuch zum handgebrauch für Bibelfreunde, Theologen, Juristen, Gemeinde- und Schulvorsteher, Lehrer &c (in German). Vol. 1. Strelitz, Mecklenburg: Selbstverlag des Verfassers. pp. 990–992. OCLC 234124918. Retrieved 3 March 2013.

"Tod"

Joël, David (1881). Der Aberglaube und die Stellung des Judenthums zu Demselben. Breslau: F.W. Jungfer's Buch.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the : Kaufmann Kohler and Ludwig Blau (1901–1906). "Angel of Death". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

public domain

(1866). Ueber die Jüdische Angelologie und Dämonologie in Ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Parsismus. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Kohut, Alexander

Lynette, Rachel (2009). The Grim Reaper. Monsters. Farmington Hills, MI: KidHaven Press.  978-0-7377-4568-9. OCLC 317921894.

ISBN

. Paradise Lost.

Milton, John

Olyan, Saul M. (1993). A Thousand Thousands Served Him: Exegesis and the Naming of Angels in Ancient Judaism. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum, 36. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.  978-3-16-146063-0. OCLC 28328810.

ISBN

(1897). Vocabulaire de l'Angélologie d'Après les Manuscrits Hebreux de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Schwab, Moïse

Stave, Erik (1898). Ueber den Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum. Haarlem: E. F. Bohn.

Weber, F. W. (1897). . Leipzig: Dörffling & Franke.

Jüdische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und verwandter Schriften, gemeinfasslich dargestellt

. Reapers inc.

Hunter, Dave

Media related to Personifications of death at Wikimedia Commons

(in Korean)

Korea National Encyclopedia of Ethnic Practices

from the University of Michigan Museum of Art

Collection: "Death Personified"