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Antonín Dvořák

Antonín Leopold Dvořák (/d(ə)ˈvɔːrʒɑːk, -ʒæk/ d(ə-)VOR-zha(h)k; Czech: [antoˈɲiːn ˈlɛopold dvoˈr̝aːk] ⓘ; 8 September 1841 – 1 May 1904) was a Czech composer. Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the Romantic-era nationalist example of his predecessor Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák's style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them,"[1] and Dvořák has been described as "arguably the most versatile... composer of his time".[2]

Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age, being an apt violin student. The first public performances of his works were in Prague in 1872 and, with special success, in 1873, when he was 31 years old. Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area, he submitted scores of symphonies and other works to German and Austrian competitions. He did not win a prize until 1874, with Johannes Brahms on the jury of the Austrian State Competition.[a] In 1877, after his third win, Brahms recommended Dvořák to his publisher, Simrock, who commissioned what became the Slavonic Dances, Op. 46. The sheet music's high sales and critical reception led to his international success. A London performance of Dvořák's Stabat Mater in 1883 led to many other performances in the United Kingdom, the United States, and eventually Russia in March 1890.[3] The Seventh Symphony was written for London in 1885.


In 1892, Dvořák became the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America in New York City. While in the United States, Dvořák wrote his two most successful orchestral works: the Symphony From the New World, which spread his reputation worldwide,[4] and his Cello Concerto, one of the most highly regarded of all cello concerti. On a summer vacation in Spillville, Iowa in 1893, Dvořák also wrote his most famous piece of chamber music, his twelfth String Quartet in F major, Op. 96, the American. While he remained at the Conservatory for a few more years, pay cuts and an onset of homesickness led him to return to Bohemia in 1895.


All of Dvořák's ten operas, except his first, have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit, as were some of his choral works. By far the most successful of the operas is Rusalka, premiered in 1901. Among his smaller works, the seventh Humoresque and the song "Songs My Mother Taught Me" are also widely performed and recorded. The Dvořák Prague International Music Festival is a major series of concerts held annually to celebrate Dvořák's life and works.[5]

they were initially numbered by order of publication instead of composition

the first four symphonies to be composed were published after the last five

the last five symphonies were not published in order of composition, explaining why, for example, the New World Symphony originally published as No. 5, was later known as No. 8, and then renumbered as No. 9 in the critical editions published in the 1950s.

Beckerman, Michael B. (2003). New Worlds of Dvořák: Searching in America for the Composer's Inner Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.  978-0-393-04706-6.

ISBN

Beckerman, Michael (1 December 1992). "Henry Krehbiel, Antonín Dvořák, and the Symphony 'From the New World'". Notes. 49 (2): 447–73. :10.2307/897884. JSTOR 897884.

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Brown, A. Peter (2003a). The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Brahms, Bruckner, Dvořák, Mahler, and Selected Contemporaries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Brown, A. Peter (2003b). . The Symphonic Repertoire. Vol. 3. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 410–36. ISBN 978-0-253-33488-6.

"Part 1"

Burghauser, Jarmil (2006). Antonín Dvořák (in Czech). Prague: Bärenreiter Supraphon; Koniasch Latin Press.  978-80-86791-26-5.

ISBN

——— (1960) [Export Artia 1960, Bārenreiter Supraphon 1966, 1996]. Antonin Dvořák Thematický Katalog [Thematic Catalogue] (in Czech). Prague: Bārenreiter Supraphon., notes in German and English. Bibliography co-edited by Dr. John Clapham and Dr. W. Pfannkuch, and a Survey of Life and Work. If there is a reference to one edition and the reader has access only to another edition, the catalogue numbers such as B.178 for the New World Symphony will be more useful than page numbers. In the chronology of Dvořák's life, one may search by year (and date) rather than page number.

Clapham, John (1979a). Antonín Dvořák, Musician and Craftsman. London: Newton Abbot (England), David & Charles.  978-0-7153-7790-1. (St. Martin's Press or Faber & Faber 1966, MacMillan reprint ISBN 978-0-333-23111-1 or St. Martin's, ISBN 978-0-312-04515-9, 1969)

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——— (1979b), , New York: W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-01204-0

Dvořák

——— (1980), "Dvořák, Antonín (Leopold)", in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), , vol. 5, London: MacMillan, pp. 765–92, ISBN 978-0-333-23111-1.

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

Gál, Hans (1971). Johannes Brahms: His Work and Personality. Translated by Joseph Stein. New York: Knopf.

Hughes, Gervase (1967). Dvorak: His Life and Music. London: Cassell.

(2004). Dvořák. London: Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904341-52-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020.

Honolka, Kurt

Layton, Robert (1978). Dvořák Symphonies and Concertos. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Raeburn, Michael; Kendall, Alan, eds. (1990) [1989]. . Vol. III: The Nineteenth Century Legacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505372-2.

Heritage of Music

(1980). The Lives of the Great Composers (revised ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Schonberg, Harold C.

Schönzeler, Hans-Hubert (1984). . London, New York: Marion Boyars Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7145-2575-4.

Dvořák

Smaczny, Jan (1999), Dvořák: Cello Concerto, Cambridge University Press.

Smaczny, Jan (2002), "Antonín Dvořák", in Oxford Companion to Music, ed. Alison Latham, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 391–92.

Smaczny, Jan (2003). "Grand Opera Amongst the Czechs". In Charlton, David (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 366–82. ISBN 978-0-521-64683-3.

Cambridge Companions to Music

Šourek, Otakar; Bartos, František; Hanuš, Jan; Berkovec, Jiři; Čubr, Anton; Pokorný, Antonín; Šolc, Karel, eds. (1976). Requiem [Score]. Antonín Dvořák (composer) (Supraphon ed.). Prague: Artia.

Steinberg, Michael (1995). . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506177-2.

The Symphony: A Listener's Guide

Taruskin, Richard (2010). Music in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  978-0-19-538483-3.

ISBN

Tibbets, John C., ed. (1993). Dvořák in America. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press.  978-0-931340-56-7.

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Zemanová, Mirka (2002). Janáček: A Composer's Life. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 112.

Beckerman, Michael B. (1993). Dvořák and His World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.  978-0-691-03386-0.

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Butterworth, Neil (1980). Dvořák, his life and times. Midas Books.  978-0-859-36142-2.

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Černušák, Gracián; Štědroň, Bohumír; Nováček, Zdenko, eds. (1963). Československý hudební slovník I. A-L (in Czech). Prague: Státní hudební vydavatelství.

Dvořák, Antonín (2009). Biblické písně (in Czech, German, English, and French). Šourek, Otakar (preface). Prague: Editio Bärenreiter.  978-80-7058-008-0.

ISBN

Goepp, Philip Henry (1913). . Third Series: Modern Symphonies. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. p. 195.

Symphonies and Their Meaning

(2003). Dvořák in America: In Search of the New World. Cricket Books. ISBN 978-0-812-62681-0.

Horowitz, Joseph

Hurwitz, David (2005). Dvořák: Romantic Music's Most Versatile Genius. Unlocking the Masters. Milwaukee: Amadeus Press.  978-1-574-67107-0.

ISBN

Peress, Maurice (2004). . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509822-8.

Dvorák to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots

Yoell, Jćohn H. (1991). Antonín Dvořák on Records. New York: Greenwood Press.  978-0-313-27367-4.

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at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Free scores by Antonín Dvořák

Comprehensive Dvořák site

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Antonín Dvořák

. BBC Radio 3.

"Discovering Dvořák"

Recordings at the Internet Archive

Antonín Dvořák

Antonín Dvořák, Bohemian composer

Antonín Dvořák Museum website

Online catalogue of the Antonín Dvořák Museum collection

Antonín Dvořák's correspondence database