In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that significantly transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established a criminal defendant's right to an attorney in felony cases, and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) required police officers to give what became known as the Miranda warning to suspects taken into police custody that advises them of their constitutional protections. Reynolds v. Sims (1964) established that all state legislative districts must be of roughly equal population size, while the Court's holding in Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) required equal populations for congressional districts, thus achieving "one man, one vote" in the United States. Schmerber v. California (1966) established that forced extraction of a blood sample is not compelled testimony, illuminating the limits on the protections of the 4th and 5th Amendments and Warden v. Hayden (1967) dramatically expanded the rights of police to seize evidence with a search warrant, reversing the mere evidence rule. Furthermore, Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) established a constitutional right to privacy and struck down a state law that restricted access to contraceptives, and Loving v. Virginia (1967) struck down state anti-miscegenation laws, which had banned or otherwise regulated interracial marriage. Warren announced his retirement in 1968 and was succeeded by Appellate Judge Warren E. Burger in 1969. The Warren Court's rulings have received criticism, but have received widespread support and acclamation from both liberals and conservatives. As yet, few of the Court's decisions have been overturned.
After World War I, Warren lived with his sister and her husband in Oakland.[23] In 1921, he met Nina Elisabeth Meyers (née Palmquist), a widowed, 28-year-old store manager with a three-year-old son. Nina had been born in Sweden to a Baptist minister and his wife, and her family had migrated to the United States when she was an infant.[24] On October 4, 1925, shortly after Warren was appointed district attorney, Warren and Nina married. Their first child, Virginia, was born in 1928, and they had four more children: Earl Jr. (born 1930), Dorothy (born 1931), Nina Elisabeth (born 1933), and Robert (born 1935). Warren also adopted Nina's son, James.[25] Warren was the father-in-law of John Charles Daly, the host of the television game show What's My Line through his daughter Virginia's marriage. Warren enjoyed a close relationship with his wife; one of their daughters later described it as "the most ideal relationship I could dream of."[26] In 1935, the family moved to a seven-bedroom home just outside of downtown Oakland. Though the Warrens sent their children to Sunday school at a local Baptist church, Warren was not a regular churchgoer.[27] In 1938, Warren's father, Matt, was murdered; investigators never discovered the identity of the murderer.[28] Warren and his family moved to the state capital of Sacramento in 1943,[29] and to Wardman-Park, a residential hotel in Washington, D.C., in 1953.[30]
Warren was very active after 1919 in such groups as Freemasonry, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,[31] the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Loyal Order of Moose (obtained the Pilgrim Degree of Merit, the highest award given in the fraternity) and the American Legion. Each one introduced Warren to new friends and political connections. He rose through the ranks in the Masons, culminating in his election in 1935 as the Grand Master of the Freemasons for the state of California from 1935 to 1936.[32][33] Biographer Jim Newton says that Warren "thrived in the Masons because he shared their ideals, but those ideals also helped shape him, nurturing his commitment to service, deepening his conviction that society's problems were best addressed by small groups of enlightened, well-meaning citizens. Those ideals knitted together Warren's Progressivism, his Republicanism, and his Masonry."[34]
Moke, Paul (2015). Earl Warren and the Struggle for Justice. Lexington Books. 978-1498520133.
ISBN
Olney III, Warren; Brownell, Herbert (1981). . Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. The Earl Warren Oral History Project,[...] was inaugurated in 1969 to produce tape-recorded interviews with persons prominent in the arenas of politics, governmental administration, and criminal Justice during the Warren Era in California. Focusing on the years 1925-1953, the interviews were designed not only to document the life of Chief Justice Warren "but to gain new information on the social and political changes of a state in the throes of a depression, then a war, then a postwar boom".
"Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era," an oral history conducted 1970 through 1977 by Miriam F. Stein and Amelia R. Fry
Rawls, James J. (1987). "The Earl Warren Oral History Project: an Appraisal". . 56 (1): 87–97. doi:10.2307/3638827. JSTOR3638827.
Pacific Historical Review
Scheiber, Harry N. (2006). Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law. Lexington Books. 978-0739116357.
ISBN
Schwartz, Bernard (1996). The Warren Court: A Retrospective. Oxford University Press. 978-0195104394.
"Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action"
Simon, James F. (2018). Eisenhower vs. Warren: The Battle for Civil Rights and Liberties. Liveright Publishing. 9780871407665.
ISBN
Smemo, Kristoffer (2005). "The Little People's Century: Industrial Pluralism, Economic Development, and the Emergence of Liberal Republicanism in California, 1942-1946". Journal of American History. 101 (4): 1166–1189. :10.1093/jahist/jav143.
