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East Prussia

East Prussia[Note 1] was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad). East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast.[1]

"Ostpreussen" redirects here. For the World War II vorpostenboot, see German trawler V 305 Ostpreussen.

East Prussia
Ostpreußen

 

36,993 km2 (14,283 sq mi)

 

2,030,174

 

31 January 1773

3 December 1829

1 April 1878

1 August 1945

Gumbinnen
Königsberg
Allenstein (from 1905)
West Prussia (1922–1939)
Zichenau (from 1939)

The bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians were enclosed within East Prussia. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. After the conquest the indigenous Balts were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a part of the Kingdom of Poland, either directly (Warmia) or as a fief (remainder). In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia.[2] The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.[3]


Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year. Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.


The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast became part of the Russian SFSR, and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship).[4] The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German and the Masurian population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly afterwards in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 died either in wartime bombing raids, in the battles to defend the province, through mistreatment by the Red Army, or from hunger, cold and disease.[5]

Brandenburg

Lithuanian

Gumbinnen

An illustration of the changing borders in Eastern Europe before, during, and after World War II (Map is written in German.)

An illustration of the changing borders in Eastern Europe before, during, and after World War II (Map is written in German.)

Changes in Germany's borders as a result of both World Wars, with the partition of East Prussia

Changes in Germany's borders as a result of both World Wars, with the partition of East Prussia

Drang nach Osten

Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen

East Prussian Regional Museum

Ostsiedlung

Karl, Northern Germany, 14th revised edition, London, 1904.

Baedeker

(2002). "chapters 1-8". Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88695-5. Archived from the original on 5 February 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2006. (on the years 1944/45)

Beevor, Antony

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, " Nemesis at Potsdam". London, 1977.  0-8032-4910-1.

ISBN

A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950, 1994, ISBN 0-312-12159-8

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas

Carsten, F. L. "East Prussia". History 33#119 (1948), pp. 241–246.  24402359. Historiography of medieval and early modern period.

JSTOR

Dickie, Reverend J.F., with E.Compton, Germany, , London, 1912.

A & C Black

Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012.  978-0300166606.

ISBN

History of Germany - vol.1: The Wars of Emancipation, (translated by E & C Paul), Allen & Unwin, London, 1915.

von Treitschke, Heinrich

Embattled Borders, London, 1928.

Powell, E. Alexander

Prausser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, European University Institute, 2004.

Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.

Steed, Henry Wickham, Vital Peace - A Study of Risks, Constable & Co., London, 1936.

Newman, Bernard, Danger Spots of Europe, London, 1938.

: A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew", University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, ISBN 0-299-18544-3.

Wieck, Michael

Woodward, E.L., Butler, Rohan; Medlicott, W.N., Dakin, Douglas, & Lambert, M.E., et al. (editors), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Three Series, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (), London, numerous volumes published over 25 years. Cover the Versailles Treaty including all secret meetings; plebiscites and all other problems in Europe; includes all diplomatic correspondence from all states.

HMSO

Professor, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1952 (2 volumes).

Previté-Orton, C.W.

Balfour, Michael, and John Mair, Four-Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945-1946, , 1956.

Oxford University Press

To Be Preserved Forever, ("Хранить вечно"), 1976.

Kopelev, Lev

Koch, H.W., Professor, A History of Prussia, , London, 1978/1984, (P/B), ISBN 0-582-48190-2

Longman

Koch, H.W., Professor, A Constitutional History of Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries, , London, 1984, (P/B), ISBN 0-582-49182-7

Longman

MacDonogh, Giles, Prussia, , London, 1994, ISBN 1-85619-267-9

Sinclair-Stevenson

Nitsch, Gunter, Weeds Like Us, AuthorHouse, 2006,  978-1-4259-6755-0

ISBN

Denny, Isabel (2007). The fall of Hitler's fortress city : the battle of Konigsberg, 1945. Havertown, Penn.: Casemate.  978-1-61200-058-9. OCLC 783289112.

ISBN

(2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03826-8.

Tooze, Adam

Large archive

Pictures of East Prussia

Brandenburg Prince-Electors co-inheritors 1568, co-regent 1577

East Prussia FAQ

Archived 14 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in English and German)

Extensive East & West Prussian Historical Materials

East and West Prussia Gazetteer

(in German)

Provinz Ostpreußen

(in German)

Ostpreußen.net

(in German)

Ostpreußen Info – East Prussia Information

East- and West Prussia in Photos

This site by W.A. Milowskij, a Kaliningrad resident, contains hundreds of interesting photos, often with text explanations, of architectural and infrastructural artifacts of the territory's long German past (in German and Russian)

Spuren der Vergangenheit / Следы Пρошлого (Traces of the past)

(in German)

German Empire: Province of East Prussia

. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.

"East Prussia" 

Britannica 2007 article

An oral history project, documenting the German history of East Prussia with memories and reports by contemporary witnesses (in German and Polish)

Growing up in East Prussia

East & West Prussia Map Collection

(in German)

Historical borders of East Prussia