Formal science

Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics. Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems. The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures used to describe the physical world, and what inferences may be made about them.

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Mario Bunge (1998). Philosophy of Science. Rev. ed. of: Scientific research. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1967.

(1940). Elements of Logic and Formal Science, J.B. Lippincott Co., New York.

(1994). The formal sciences discover the philosophers' stone. In: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 513–533, 1994

Stephen Leacock (1906). Elements of Political Science. Houghton, Mifflin Co, 417 pp.

(2002) [1959]. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York, NY: Routledge Classics. ISBN 0-415-27844-9. OCLC 59377149.

Bernt P. Stigum (1990). Toward a Formal Science of Economics.

Marcus Tomalin (2006), . Cambridge University Press

William L. Twining (1997). Law in Context: Enlarging a Discipline. 365 pp.

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