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George Floyd Justice in Policing Act

The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021 was a policing reform bill drafted by Democrats in the United States Congress. The legislation was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 24, 2021.[1][2] The legislation aims to combat police misconduct, excessive force, and racial bias in policing.[3][4]

Long title

To hold law enforcement accountable for misconduct in court, improve transparency through data collection, and reform police training and policies.

199

The bill passed the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives on a mostly party-line vote of 220–212,[5] but not the evenly divided but Democratic controlled Senate amid opposition from Republicans.[6][7] Negotiations between Republican and Democratic senators on a reform bill collapsed in September 2021.[7]

Background[edit]

The drafting of the legislation was preceded by a series of protests following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota and other high-profile killings of African Americans at the hands of mostly white police officers and civilians in 2020, such as the shooting of Breonna Taylor in Kentucky.[4][8] The proposed legislation contains some provisions that civil rights advocates have long sought,[4] and is named in Floyd's honor.[9]

Grant power to the 's Civil Rights Division to issue subpoenas to police departments as part of "pattern or practice" investigations into whether there has been a "pattern and practice" of bias or misconduct by the department[10]

Justice Department

Provide grants to to "create an independent process to investigate misconduct or excessive use of force" by police forces[11]

state attorneys general

Establish a federal registry of police misconduct complaints and disciplinary actions

[11]

Enhance accountability for police officers who commit misconduct, by restricting the application of the doctrine for local and state officers,[10][12] and by changing the mens rea (intent) element of 18 U.S.C. § 242 (the federal criminal offense of "deprivation of rights under color of law," which has been used to prosecute police for misconduct) from "willfully" to "knowingly or with reckless disregard"[13]

qualified immunity

Require federal uniformed police officers to have [11][4]

body-worn cameras

Require marked federal police vehicles to be equipped with .[11]

dashboard cameras

Require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to "ensure" the use of body-worn and dashboard cameras.

[4]

Restrict the transfer of military equipment to police (see 1033 program, militarization of police)

[11]

Require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to adopt anti-discrimination policies and training programs, including those targeted at fighting [4]

racial profiling

Prohibit federal police officers from using or other carotid holds (which led to the death of Eric Garner), and require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to adopt the same prohibition[4]

chokeholds

Prohibit the issuance of (warrants that allow police to conduct a raid without knocking or announcing themselves) in federal drug investigations, and provide incentives to the states to enact a similar prohibition.[4]

no-knock warrants

Change the threshold for the permissible use of force by federal law enforcement officers from "reasonableness" to only when "necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury."

[4]

Mandate that federal officers use only as a last resort and that de-escalation be attempted, and condition federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies on the adoption of the same policy.[4]

deadly force

The legislation, described as expansive,[4] would:

Legislative history[edit]

Drafting and introduction in 2020[edit]

In the House of Representatives, the legislation was principally drafted by Representative Karen Bass of California (who chairs the Congressional Black Caucus) and Representative Jerrold Nadler of New York (who chairs the House Judiciary Committee); in the Senate, the legislation has been drafted by Cory Booker of New Jersey and Kamala Harris of California, the Senate's two black Democrats.[4][11] The legislation was introduced in the House as H.B. 7120 on June 8, 2020, by Bass, with 165 co-sponsors, all Democrats.[14] The bill was referred to the House Judiciary Committee, and additionally to the House Armed Services Committee and House Energy and Commerce Committee, for consideration of provisions falling within those committees' jurisdiction.[2] The legislation was introduced in the Senate on the same day as S. 3912, by Booker, with 35 cosponsors.[15] It was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee.[16]

Committee hearings[edit]

At a June 2020 hearing on police issues in the House Judiciary Committee, George Floyd's brother, Philonise Floyd, testified in favor of police reforms. Also testifying were the Floyd family's attorney Benjamin Crump (invited by the Democrats) and Angela Underwood Jacobs (invited by the Republicans), the brother of Federal Protective Service officer David "Patrick" Underwood, who was killed in the line of duty.[17][18][19] Committee Republicans invited conservative Fox News commentator and ex-Secret Service agent Dan Bongino,[19][20] who did not mention police brutality at the hearing and instead focused on dangers faced by police.[20] Committee Republicans also called Darrell C. Scott, a minister and prominent Trump ally, to testify.[19][21]


At a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on June 16, members heard testimony from a number of witnesses, including Vanita Gupta of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights; attorney S. Lee Merritt, who represents the family of Ahmaud Arbery; St. Paul, Minnesota Mayor Melvin Carter; Houston Police Department chief Art Acevedo; and Fraternal Order of Police national president Patrick Yoes.[22] Gupta, who served as head of the U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division during the Obama administration, testified in favor of police reforms and criticized the Trump Justice Department, while Yoes testified against restricting qualified immunity for police.[23]

Support and opposition[edit]

Support[edit]

The legislation is endorsed by more than 100 civil rights groups,[26] including the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, NAACP and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, National Urban League, Amnesty International, and National Action Network.[41] The American Civil Liberties Union praised the legislation for taking "significant steps to protect people and ensure accountability against police violence" but expressed opposition to providing "hundreds of millions more to law enforcement" and called for more sweeping changes to "the role of police in our society fundamentally."[42]


The legislation is supported by President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris.[43]

Opposition[edit]

Police unions and other organizations representing police oppose the bill.[26] Police organizations are influential in Congress, exerting influence through campaign contributions, endorsements, and lobbying and advocacy efforts, and historically have been successful in stymieing reform legislation.[44]


Then-President Donald Trump opposed the bill, and in 2020, he issued a formal pledge to veto the legislation if it passed Congress and contending that the bill is "overbroad" and would "weaken the ability of law enforcement agencies to reduce crime."[26] Trump specifically opposed proposals to restrict qualified immunity.[10]


Zack Smith of the conservative Heritage Foundatiton contends that the bill uses a faulty definition of "racial profiling" that "would essentially establish a de facto quota system for traffic stops, pedestrian stops, interviews, and other investigatory activities, and could encourage officers and departments to 'game the system' by stopping more individuals with certain types of characteristics—specifically, women, whites, or Asians—than they otherwise would."[45] This criticism has also been echoed by conservative lawyer Peter Kirsanow.[46]

List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests

George Floyd protests

Full text of bill

Summary of bill