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Goethe's Faust

Faust is a tragic play in two parts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two. Nearly all of Part One and the majority of Part Two are written in rhymed verse. Although rarely staged in its entirety, it is the play with the largest audience numbers on German-language stages. Faust is considered by many to be Goethe's magnum opus and the greatest work of German literature.[1]

This article is about the 19th-century work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation).

The earliest forms of the work, known as the Urfaust, were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the details of that development are not entirely clear. Urfaust has twenty-two scenes, one in prose, two largely prose and the remaining 1,441 lines in rhymed verse. The manuscript is lost, but a copy was discovered in 1886.[2]


The first appearance of the work in print was Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790. Goethe completed a preliminary version of what is now known as Part One in 1806. Its publication in 1808 was followed by the revised 1828–29 edition, the last to be edited by Goethe himself.


Goethe finished writing Faust, Part Two in 1831; it was published posthumously the following year. In contrast to Faust, Part One, the focus here is no longer on the soul of Faust, which has been sold to the devil, but rather on social phenomena such as psychology, history and politics, in addition to mystical and philosophical topics. The second part formed the principal occupation of Goethe's last years.

Nomenclature[edit]

The original 1808 German title page of Goethe's play read simply: "Faust. / Eine Tragödie" ("Faust. / A Tragedy"). The addition of "erster Teil" (in English, "Part One") was retroactively applied by publishers when the sequel was published in 1832 with a title page which read: "Faust. / Der Tragödie zweiter Teil" ("Faust. / The Tragedy's Second Part").


The two plays have been published in English under a number of titles, and are usually referred to as Faust, Parts One and Two.

Heinrich Faust (see also ), a scholar, sometimes said to be based on Johann Georg Faust, or on Jacob Bidermann's dramatized account of the Legend of the Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus

Faust

the Devil

Mephistopheles

Gretchen, Faust's love (short for Margarete; Goethe uses both forms)

Marthe Schwerdtlein, Gretchen's neighbour

Valentin, Gretchen's brother

Wagner, Faust's attendant

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:


Faust, Part One takes place in multiple settings, the first of which is Heaven. Mephistopheles (Satan) makes a bet with God: he says that he can lure God's favorite human (Faust), who is striving to learn everything that can be known, away from righteous pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study where the aging scholar, struggling with what he considers the vanity and uselessness of scientific, humanistic, and religious learning, turns to magic for the showering of infinite knowledge. He suspects, however, that his attempts are failing. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, but rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Easter celebrations begin. He goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by a stray poodle.


In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles, dressed as a travelling student who refuses to give his name. He reveals to Faust that although the misshapen pentagram carved into Faust's doorway has allowed him to enter, he cannot leave. Faust is surprised that Mephistopheles is bound by mystical laws, and from this reasons that he could make a pact. Mephistopheles says that he is willing to make a deal but wishes to leave for the night. Faust refuses to release him because he believes it would be impossible for him to catch Mephistopheles again. Mephistopheles then tricks him into permitting a demonstration of his power; Faust falls asleep listening to the song of the spirits, allowing Mephistopheles to escape by calling upon rats to chew away the pentagram.


The next morning Mephistopheles returns. He tells Faust that he wishes to serve him in life, and in return Faust must serve him in the afterlife. Faust is willing to accept but is concerned that accepting the services of Mephistopheles will bring him to ruin. To avoid this fate, Faust makes a wager: if Mephistopheles can grant Faust an experience of transcendence on Earth—a moment so blissful that he wishes to remain in it forever, ceasing to strive further—then he will instantly die and serve the Devil in Hell. Mephistopheles accepts the wager.


When Mephistopheles tells Faust to sign the pact with blood, Faust complains that Mephistopheles does not trust Faust's word of honor. In the end, Mephistopheles wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewelry and with help from a neighbor, Marthe, Mephistopheles draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. With Mephistopheles' aid, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and Mephistopheles flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved – "Sie ist gerettet" – this differs from the harsher ending of Urfaust – "Sie ist gerichtet!" – "she is condemned."

Relationship between the parts[edit]

Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; the ultimate conclusion of the tragedy and the outcome of the wagers are only revealed in Faust, Part Two. The first part represents the "small world" and takes place in Faust's own local, temporal milieu. In contrast, Part Two takes place in the "wide world" or macrocosmos.

In 1828, at the age of twenty, published a French translation of Goethe's Faust.

Gérard de Nerval

In 1850, released an English translation of Part One. In 1878, she published a translation of Part Two. Her translation is considered among the best.[8]

Anna Swanwick

In 1870–71, published an English translation in the original metres. This translation, which he is best known for, is considered one of the finest and consistently remained in print for a century.[9]

Bayard Taylor

: Part One (1892) and Part Two (1897) for D. C. Heath.

Calvin Thomas

Alice Raphael: Part One (1930) for .[10]

Jonathan Cape

: 1913 both parts into Japanese.

Mori Ōgai

: Part One (1928) and Part Two (1947) into Chinese.[11]

Guo Moruo

Philosopher was also known for an English translation of Faust, presenting Part One in its entirety, with selections from Part Two, and omitted scenes extensively summarized. Kaufmann's version preserves Goethe's metres and rhyme schemes, but objected to translating all of Part Two into English, believing that "To let Goethe speak English is one thing; to transpose into English his attempt to imitate Greek poetry in German is another."[6]

Walter Kaufmann

Phillip Wayne: Part One (1949) and Part Two (1959) for Penguin Books.

[12]

: In 1949, the BBC commissioned an abridged translation for radio. It was published in 1952.

Louis MacNeice

In 1821, a partial English verse translation of Faust (Part One) was published anonymously by the London publisher Thomas Boosey and Sons, with illustrations by the German engraver Moritz Retzsch. This translation was attributed to the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge by Frederick Burwick and James C. McKusick in their 2007 Oxford University Press edition, Faustus: From the German of Goethe, Translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.[3] In a letter dated 4 September 1820, Goethe wrote to his son August that Coleridge was translating Faust.[4] However, this attribution is controversial: Roger Paulin, William St. Clair, and Elinor Shaffer provide a lengthy rebuttal to Burwick and McKusick, offering evidence including Coleridge's repeated denials that he had ever translated Faustus and arguing that Goethe's letter to his son was based on misinformation from a third party.[5]


Coleridge's fellow Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley produced admired[6] fragments of a translation first publishing Part One Scene II in The Liberal magazine in 1822, with "Scene I" (in the original, the "Prologue in Heaven") being published in the first edition of his Posthumous Poems by Mary Shelley in 1824.[7]


In August 1950, Boris Pasternak's Russian translation of the first part led him to be attacked in the Soviet literary journal Novy Mir. The attack read in part,


In response, Pasternak wrote to Ariadna Èfron, the exiled daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva:

May 24, 1819: Premiere of selected scenes. , Berlin

Castle Monbijou

January 29, 1829: Premiere of the complete Part One.

Braunschweig

In 1885, the Irish dramatist loosely adapted the first part of Faust for a production starring Henry Irving as Mephistopheles and Ellen Terry as Margaret at the Lyceum Theatre, London.

W. G. Wills

In 1908, and J. Comyns Carr freely adapted the first part of Faust for a production at Her Majesty's Theatre. It starred Henry Ainley as Faust, Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Mephistopheles and Marie Lohr as Margaret.

Stephen Phillips

1960: , Hamburg: Directed by Peter Gorski, and produced by Gustaf Gründgens (who also played Mephistopheles), with Will Quadflieg (Faust), Ella Büchi (Gretchen), Elisabeth Flickenschildt (Marthe), Max Eckard (Valentin), Eduard Marks (Wagner), Uwe Friedrichsen (Student). The film of this performance was very successful.

Deutsches Schauspielhaus

1989: Fragments from Part One. : Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda

Piccolo Teatro di Milano

October 26, 2006: , Italy: Directed by Eimuntas Nekrošius; complete playing length (with intervals): 4½ hours

Teatro Comunale Modena

Opus 75 no 3 (1809) Song – Aus Goethes Faust: "Es war einmal ein König"

Ludwig van Beethoven's

In 1814 set a text from Faust Part I, scene 18 as "Gretchen am Spinnrade" (D 118; Op. 2). It was his first setting of a text by Goethe. Later Lieder by Schubert based on Faust: D 126, 367, 440 and 564.[21]

Franz Schubert

's secular oratorio Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1844–1853)

Robert Schumann

's "légende dramatique" La damnation de Faust (1846)

Hector Berlioz

's Faust Symphony (1857)

Franz Liszt

's opera Faust (1859)

Charles Gounod

's opera Mefistofele (1868; 1875)

Arrigo Boito

's Symphony No. 8 (Mahler) (1906) sets the text of the final scene of Faust Part II in its lengthy second movement.

Gustav Mahler

's film Faust (1926) is based on older versions of the legend as well as Goethe's version.

F. W. Murnau

's opera "Faust" written in 1955–56.

Havergal Brian

directed Gustaf Gründgens in the 1960 film, Faust.

Peter Gorski

's musical Faust (1993)

Randy Newman

's film Faust (1994)

Jan Švankmajer

's Rock Opera Faust with original lyrics by Goethe (1997)[22][23]

Rudolf Volz

American metal band 's CDs Epica (2003) and The Black Halo (2005) are based on Faust.

Kamelot

's film Faust (2011)

Alexander Sokurov

American metal band 's Faustian Echoes EP is directly based on Goethe's work and contains direct quotations from it.

Agalloch

's modern art film The Last Faust (2019) is directly based on Goethe's Faust and is the first film made on Faust part I and part II.[24]

Philipp Humm

The production is also briefly mentioned in Katja Ebateins 1976 personality television show . The work is mentioned in a song segment called Theater, Theater die Gosse Illusion where Katja plays the part of Gretchen.

“Katja and Co”

Deals with the Devil in popular culture

Lawsuits against the Devil

, sculpture

Mephistopheles and Margaretta

Verse drama and dramatic verse

character in Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita

Woland

Works based on Faust

at Project Gutenberg (German)

Faust, Part 1

at Project Gutenberg (German)

Faust, Part 2

at Project Gutenberg (1912 English translation by Bayard Taylor)

Faust, Part 1

. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.

"Faust, Part 1 and 2 (English translation from Project Gutenberg in a modern design)"

. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31.

"Faust full text in German and English side-by-side (translations: Priest, Brooks and Coleridge)"

available at the Internet Archive, scanned illustrated books

Faust

available at digbib.org (German)

Faust, Part II

available at Google Books (1867 English translation by John Wynniatt Grant)

Faust, Pt. 1

available at Google Books (1908 English translation by Abraham Hayward with illustrations by Willy Pogany)

Faust, Pt. 1

Kierans, Kenneth (2003). (PDF). Animus. 8. ISSN 1209-0689. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.

"Faust, Art, Religion"

public domain audiobook at LibriVox (multiple languages, including English)

Faust