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Gustav Holst

Gustav Theodore Holst (born Gustavus Theodore von Holst; 21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934) was an English composer, arranger and teacher. Best known for his orchestral suite The Planets, he composed many other works across a range of genres, although none achieved comparable success. His distinctive compositional style was the product of many influences, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss being most crucial early in his development. The subsequent inspiration of the English folksong revival of the early 20th century, and the example of such rising modern composers as Maurice Ravel, led Holst to develop and refine an individual style.

"Holst" redirects here. For other people with this surname, see Holst (surname).

There were professional musicians in the previous three generations of Holst's family and it was clear from his early years that he would follow the same calling. He hoped to become a pianist, but was prevented by neuritis in his right arm. Despite his father's reservations, he pursued a career as a composer, studying at the Royal College of Music under Charles Villiers Stanford. Unable to support himself by his compositions, he played the trombone professionally and later became a teacher—a great one, according to his colleague Ralph Vaughan Williams. Among other teaching activities he built up a strong tradition of performance at Morley College, where he served as musical director from 1907 until 1924, and pioneered music education for women at St Paul's Girls' School, where he taught from 1905 until his death in 1934. He was the founder of a series of Whitsun music festivals, which ran from 1916 for the remainder of his life.


Holst's works were played frequently in the early years of the 20th century, but it was not until the international success of The Planets in the years immediately after the First World War that he became a well-known figure. A shy man, he did not welcome this fame, and preferred to be left in peace to compose and teach. In his later years his uncompromising, personal style of composition struck many music lovers as too austere, and his brief popularity declined. Nevertheless, he was an important influence on a number of younger English composers, including Edmund Rubbra, Michael Tippett and Benjamin Britten. Apart from The Planets and a handful of other works, his music was generally neglected until the 1980s, when recordings of much of his output became available.

Recordings[edit]

Holst made some recordings, conducting his own music. For the Columbia company he recorded Beni Mora, the Marching Song and the complete Planets with the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) in 1922, using the acoustic process. The limitations of early recording prevented the gradual fade-out of women's voices at the end of "Neptune", and the lower strings had to be replaced by a tuba to obtain an effective bass sound.[176] With an anonymous string orchestra Holst recorded the St Paul's Suite and Country Song in 1925.[177] Columbia's main rival, HMV, issued recordings of some of the same repertoire, with an unnamed orchestra conducted by Albert Coates.[178] When electrical recording came in, with dramatically improved recording quality, Holst and the LSO re-recorded The Planets for Columbia in 1926.[179]


In the early LP era little of Holst's music was available on disc. Only six of his works are listed in the 1955 issue of The Record Guide: The Planets (recordings under Boult on HMV and Nixa, and another under Sir Malcolm Sargent on Decca); the Perfect Fool ballet music; the St Paul's Suite; and three short choral pieces.[180] In the stereo LP and CD eras numerous recordings of The Planets were issued, performed by orchestras and conductors from round the world. By the early years of the 21st century most of the major and many of the minor orchestral and choral works had been issued on disc. The 2008 issue of The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music contained seven pages of listings of Holst's works on CD.[181] Of the operas, Savitri, The Wandering Scholar, and At the Boar's Head have been recorded.[182]

(1973). My Own Trumpet. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-02445-5.

Boult, Adrian

Boult, Adrian (1979). Music and Friends. London: Hamish Hamilton.  0-241-10178-6.

ISBN

Dickinson, Alan Edgar Frederic (1995). Alan Gibbs (ed.). Holst's Music—A Guide. London: Thames.  0-905210-45-X.

ISBN

Dickinson, A E F (1957). "Gustav Holst". In Alfred Louis Bacharach (ed.). The Music Masters IV: The Twentieth Century. Harmondsworth: Penguin.  26234192.

OCLC

Gibbs, Alan (2000). Holst Among Friends. London: Thames Publishing.  978-0-905210-59-9.

ISBN

Holmes, Paul (1998). Holst. Illustrated Lives of the Great Composers. London: Omnibus Press.  650194212.

OCLC

Holst, Gustav (1974). Letters to W. G. Whittaker. University of Glasgow Press.  0-85261-106-4.

ISBN

(1969). Gustav Holst (second ed.). London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315417-X.

Holst, Imogen

Holst, Imogen (1974). A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music. London: Faber and Faber.  0-571-10004-X.

ISBN

Holst, Imogen (1980). "Holst, Gustavus Theodore von". In Stanley Sadie (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 8. London: Macmillan.  0-333-23111-2.

ISBN

Holst, Imogen (1981). The Great Composers: Holst (second ed.). London: Faber and Faber.  0-571-09967-X.

ISBN

Holst, Imogen (1986). The Music of Gustav Holst (third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.  0-19-315458-7.

ISBN

(1960). The Music of Arthur Sullivan. London: Macmillan. OCLC 16739230.

Hughes, Gervase

Hughes, Gervase; Herbert Van Thal (1971). The Music Lover's Companion. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.  0-413-27920-0.

ISBN

(1970). Elgar: Orchestral Music. London: BBC. OCLC 252020259.

Kennedy, Michael

March, Ivan, ed. (2007). The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music, 2008. London: Penguin.  0-14-103336-3.

ISBN

Mitchell, Jon C (2001). A Comprehensive Biography of Composer Gustav Holst, with Correspondence and Diary Excerpts. Lewiston, N Y: E Mellen Press.  0-7734-7522-2.

ISBN

(1992). Vaughan Williams—A Life in Photographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816296-0.

Moore, Jerrold Northrop

Rodmell, Paul (2002). Charles Villiers Stanford. Aldershot: Scolar Press.  1-85928-198-2.

ISBN

Rubbra, Edmund; Stephen Lloyd, eds. (1974). Gustav Holst. London: Triad Press.  0-902070-12-6.

ISBN

; Desmond Shawe-Taylor (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. OCLC 500373060.

Sackville-West, Edward

Short, Michael (1990). Gustav Holst: The Man and his Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  0-19-314154-X.

ISBN

(1991). Those Twentieth Century Blues. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6059-3.

Tippett, Michael

(2008). Hugh Cobbe (ed.). Letters of Ralph Vaughan Williams. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925797-3.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph

The Gustav Holst archive at the

Britten-Pears Foundation

at IMDb

Gustav Holst

in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

Free scores by Gustav Holst

at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Free scores by Gustav Holst

The Gustav Holst Website (unofficial)

Gustav Holst: The Lost Films (BBC production from the late 1970s, discovered 2009. Extracts)

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Gustav Holst

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Gustav Holst