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Hamburg

Hamburg (German: [ˈhambʊʁk] ,[7] locally also [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç] ; Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːç] ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,[8][9] is the second-largest city in Germany, after Berlin, and 8th-largest in the European Union, with a population of over 1.9 million.[10][1] The Hamburg Metropolitan Region has a population of over 5.1 million and is the ninth-biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.

This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Hamburg (disambiguation).

Hamburg
Hamborg (Low German)

Germany

3 (of 69)

755.22 km2 (291.59 sq mi)

1,945,532

2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)

2,484,800[1]

5,425,628

German: Hamburger (male), Hamburgerin (female)
English: Hamburger(s),[3] [4] Hamburgian(s)

€144.220 billion (2022)

€76,910 (2022)

20001–21149, 22001–22769
  • HH (1906–1945; again since 1956)
  • MGH (1945)
  • H (1945–1947)
  • HG (1947)
  • BH (1948–1956)

0.972[6]
very high · 1st of 16

At the southern tip of the Jutland Peninsula, Hamburg stands on the branching River Elbe at the head of a 110 km (68 mi) estuary to the North Sea, on the mouth of the Alster and Bille. Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states alongside Berlin and Bremen, and is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south. The Port of Hamburg is Germany's largest and Europe's third-largest, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. The local dialect is a variant of Low Saxon.


The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary Grand Burghers or Hanseaten. Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.


Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf, Lufthansa and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory DESY. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.[11]


Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.


Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015.[12] Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe,[13] and with 5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg, it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing 100 metres (330 ft) worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including the Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's Reeperbahn is among the best-known European entertainment districts.

Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")

Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")

Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)

Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)

Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli

Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli

Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)

Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)

Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")

Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")

Dockland at night

Dockland at night

View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm

View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm

Jungfernstieg Boulevard

Jungfernstieg Boulevard

Hills and mansions in Blankenese

Hills and mansions in Blankenese

Laeiszhalle concert venue

Laeiszhalle concert venue

Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany

Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany

Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court

Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court

Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)

Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)

Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity

Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity

View over Hamburg and the Alster

View over Hamburg and the Alster

Infrastructure[edit]

Health systems[edit]

Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.[146] The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.[147]

(1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian[182]

Lucas Holstenius

(c. 1659 – c. 1714), German baroque sculptor and architect[183]

Andreas Schlüter

(1680–1747), German poet[184]

Barthold Heinrich Brockes

(1694–1768), German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment[185]

Hermann Samuel Reimarus

(1720–1778), the foremost German actor of the 18th century[186]

Konrad Ekhof

(1724–1790), German educational reformer, teacher and writer[187]

Johann Bernhard Basedow

(1728–1758), writer[188]

Meta Klopstock

(1730–1800), one of the foremost theatre principals of 18th century Europe, who made Hamburg a center of theatrical innovation[189]

Abel Seyler

(1737–1794), German-born translator and author

Marie Elizabeth de LaFite

(1743–1820), German critic and literary historian[190]

Johann Joachim Eschenburg

(1747–1826), astronomer. He named and determined the orbit of Uranus.[191]

Johann Elert Bode

(1748–1821), German painter and historian of art[192]

Johann Dominicus Fiorillo

(1748–1821), poet, brother of Frederick Leopold[193]

Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg

(1750–1819), German lawyer and translator[194]

Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg

(1756–1821), German jurist and diplomat[195]

Georg Friedrich von Martens

(1758–1836), banker and politician

Ludwig Erdwin Seyler

(1791–1865), astronomer. He measured the distance from Earth to the Sun.[196]

Johann Franz Encke

(1794–1881), geologist of French Huguenot origin[197]

Ami Boué

(1794–1868), German art historian[198]

Gustav Friedrich Waagen

(1796–1877), physicist. He dealt with electricity and magnetism.[199]

Johann Christian Poggendorff

(1804–1881), German botanist, co-founder of cell theory[200]

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

(1808–1888), Orthodox rabbi. He founded the Torah im Derech Eretz.[201]

Samson Raphael Hirsch

(1809–1847), German composer, pianist, organist and conductor[202]

Felix Mendelssohn

(1809–1861), German philologist and antiquarian[203]

Ludwig Preller

(1816–1872), German travel, writer and novelist[204]

Friedrich Gerstäcker

(1818–1892), German geologist and mineralogist[205]

Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth

(1821–1865), German explorer of Africa and a scholar[206]

Heinrich Barth

(1824–1881), German philologist and philosophical writer[207]

Jacob Bernays

(1825–1905), French-German Assyriologist[208]

Julius Oppert

(1831–1877), leading opera and oratorio soprano[209]

Thérèse Tietjens

(1833–1897), German composer, pianist and conductor[210]

Johannes Brahms

(1834–1897), German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare[211]

Michael Bernays

(1835–1910), German chemist. He discovered the pinacol coupling reaction.[212]

Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig

(1837–1900), German physiologist. He coined the word "enzyme" in 1878.[213]

Wilhelm Kühne

(1842–1889), musical impresario. He founded the Carl Rosa Opera Company in London.[214]

Carl Rosa

(1844–1913), a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos[215]

Carl Hagenbeck

(1853–1928), German Protestant theologian[216]

Hans Hinrich Wendt

(1856–1913), German painter[217]

Hans von Bartels

(1857–1894), physicist who first proved the existence of electromagnetic waves[218]

Heinrich Hertz

(1918–2015), politician and chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982

Helmut Schmidt

(born 1935), Holocaust survivor, civil rights activist, author and artist.

Marione Ingram

(born 1954), retired politician and scientist, chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021

Angela Merkel

(born 1958), politician, First Mayor of Hamburg from 2011 to 2018, and the current chancellor of Germany since 2021

Olaf Scholz

The 's terrorists, committed the 9/11 attacks

Hamburg Cell

Novo Hamburgo

Official website

at Curlie

Hamburg

Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap

Hamburg

, ed. (1911). "Hamburg (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Chisholm, Hugh

Hamburg panorama view