History of geometry

Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers (arithmetic).

Classic geometry was focused in compass and straightedge constructions. Geometry was revolutionized by Euclid, who introduced mathematical rigor and the axiomatic method still in use today. His book, The Elements is widely considered the most influential textbook of all time, and was known to all educated people in the West until the middle of the 20th century.^[1]

In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized to a high level of abstraction and complexity, and have been subjected to the methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that many modern branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of early geometry. (See Areas of mathematics and Algebraic geometry.)

, a book by "A. Square" about two– and three-dimensional space, to understand the concept of four dimensions

Flatland

– Notable events in the history of geometry

Timeline of geometry

History of Euclidean geometry

History of non-Euclidean geometry

History of mathematics

History of measurement

History of space (mathematics)

Important publications in geometry

Interactive geometry software

List of geometry topics

Modern triangle geometry

Cooke, Roger (2005), The History of Mathematics, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 632 pages, 978-0-471-44459-6

ISBN

Dani, S. G. (July 25, 2003), (PDF), Current Science, 85 (2): 219–224, archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-08-04

"On the Pythagorean triples in the Śulvasūtras"

Hayashi, Takao (2003), "Indian Mathematics", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences, vol. 1, Baltimore, MD: The , 976 pages, pp. 118–130, ISBN 978-0-8018-7396-6

Johns Hopkins University Press

Hayashi, Takao (2005), "Indian Mathematics", in Flood, Gavin (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Oxford: , 616 pages, pp. 360–375, ISBN 978-1-4051-3251-0

Basil Blackwell

Joseph, G. G. (2000), , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 416 pages, ISBN 978-0-691-00659-8

The Crest of the Peacock: The Non-European Roots of Mathematics

Knudsen, Toke Lindegaard (2018). "Mathematics in India until 650 CE". In Scarbarough, John; Turquand Keyser, Paul (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–94.

Islamic Geometry

at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy