Ho Chi Minh Thought
Ho Chi Minh Thought (Vietnamese: Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh) is a political philosophy that builds upon Marxism–Leninism and the ideology of Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh. It was developed and codified by the Communist Party of Vietnam and formalised in 1991.[1][2] The term is used to cover political theories and policies considered as representing a form of Marxism–Leninism that has been adapted to Vietnamese circumstances and history. The ideology includes views on the basic issues of the Vietnamese Revolution, specifically the development and application of Marxism–Leninism to the material conditions of Vietnam.[3][4][5]
The following is described as the core of the Ho Chi Minh Thought ideological system, as codified by the Communist Party of Vietnam:[15][16]
Central to Ho Chi Minh Thought is the importance of the Communist Party as the center of a national liberation movement.[8] Ho Chi Minh Thought argues that revolutionary violence and humanitarian peace are dialectically opposed to one another. However, the synthesis of their conflict would inevitably be the preservation of peace, independence, and national liberation.[10]
Ho Chi Minh Thought cites the following concerning the construction and characteristics of a socialist society and economy:[10]
Ho Chi Minh Thought emphasizes a gradual transition to socialism.[19][17] Similar to Socialism with Chinese characteristics, it places emphasis on the role of the development of the productive forces. According to Ho Chi Minh, when entering the period of transition to socialism, the Vietnamese economy was a largely outdated agricultural economy that had not yet undergone capitalist development. In particular, he paid special attention to the fundamental contradiction of the transition period, which is the conflict between the country's high development needs and the socio-economic situation of the working class.[17] Ho Chi Minh Thought also stresses learning from the experiences of other socialist countries in building socialism and making use of international aid and cooperation.[20]
Although Ho Chí Minh believed that Vietnam had entered the stage of transition to socialism in 1954, he also thought that Vietnam was still "a democratic regime in which people are the masters" and not a socialist state.[21] According to him, to reach the socialist stage of development, the development of the state sector was of utmost importance, as its absence would lead to failure.[21]
This discussion over the transition to socialism continued in the 21st century. The platform of the 11th National Congress held in January 2011 stated: "This is a profound and thorough revolutionary process and a complicated struggle between the old and the new for qualitative changes in all aspects of social life. It is essential to undergo a long period of transition with several steps of development and several mixed social and economic structures".[22]
According to Nguyễn Phú Trọng, who became the party's General Secretary in 2011, socialist factors of development compete with non-socialist factors, which includes the features of capitalism, during the transition to socialism. Nguyễn said: "Along with positive aspects, there will always be negative aspects and challenges that need to be considered wisely and dealt with timely and effectively. It is a difficult struggle that requires spirit, fresh vision, and creativity. The path to socialism is a process of constantly consolidating and strengthening socialist factors to make them more dominant and irreversible. Success will depend on correct policies, political spirit, leadership capacity, and the fighting strength of the Party".[23]
Morality[edit]
A particular aspect of Ho Chi Minh thought is the emphasis on personal morality and ethics.[24] The personal values of Ho Chi Minh are regularly upheld by the Party, and party members are taught to exemplify Ho Chi Minh's personal values: practicing the standard of industriousness, thrift, integrity, uprightness, public-spiritedness and selflessness in serving the country and the people.[25][26] Central to Ho Chi Minh morality is living a modest lifestyle, free from material worries, whilst devoting oneself to the collective good and the advancement of socialism and self-determination.[27][26] Ho Chi Minh wrote about morality throughout his life, and often criticized individualism, such as in his short essay Raise up Revolutionary Ethics, Eliminate Individuals.[27] The personal values of Ho Chi Minh are a mandatory part of the school curriculum throughout Vietnam.[28]
Development[edit]
At the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, held in Hanoi in 1991, it was determined that Marxism–Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought were the basis of the ideology of the Party.[8] Since this congress, it has been taught in all universities as a compulsory subject for students of all disciplines.[29] The first instance of Ho Chi Minh Thought as a subject of formal training and critical discussion was at Hanoi University in 1997.[30]
Domestic researchers and Ho Chi Minh's comrades have written many works on Ho Chi Minh Thought such as: Understanding some issues in Ho Chi Minh's thought (1982) by Le Mau Han; Ho Chi Minh Thought Research (1993) by the Ho Chi Minh Institute's authors; The world has changed but Ho Chi Minh thought (1991), Ho Chi Minh thought (1993), Ho Chi Minh thought process of formation and development (1993), Ho Chi Minh thought and the way Vietnamese revolution (1997) by Vo Nguyen Giap; Basic perceptions about Ho Chi Minh thought (1998) of Pham Van Dong; The formation of Ho Chi Minh ideology (1997) by Tran Van Giau; From traditional thinking to Ho Chi Minh thought (1998) by Hoang Tung.[31]