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Buddhism

Buddhism (/ˈbʊdɪzəm/ BUUD-ih-zəm, US also /ˈbd-/ BOOD-),[1][2][3] also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion[a] and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha.[7] It is the world's fourth-largest religion,[8][9] with over 520 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise seven percent of the global population.[10][11] Buddhism originated in the eastern Gangetic plain as a śramaṇa–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia via the Silk Road.

"Buddha Dharma" and "Buddhist" redirect here. For the magazine, see Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly. For the racehorse, see Buddhist (horse).

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught that attachment or clinging causes dukkha (often translated as "suffering" or "unease"[note 1]), but that there is a path of development which leads to awakening and full liberation from dukkha.[16] As part of this path, the Buddha taught meditation techniques and ethical precepts rooted in non-harming, regarding his teachings as a Middle Way between extremes such as asceticism or hedonism. Other widely observed elements include: the doctrines of dependent origination, the three marks of existence, and karma; monasticism; the Three Jewels; and the cultivation of perfections (pāramitā).[17]


Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (mārga) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices.[18][19] Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravāda (lit.'School of the Elders') and Mahāyāna (lit.'Great Vehicle'). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of nirvāṇa (lit.'extinguishing') as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth (saṃsāra),[20][21][22] while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the Bodhisattva ideal, in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, Vajrayāna (lit.'Indestructible Vehicle'), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric tantric techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.[23]


The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and Chinese).[24] The Theravāda branch has a widespread following in Sri Lanka as well as in Southeast Asia, namely Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. The Mahāyāna branch—which includes the traditions of Zen, Pure Land, Nichiren, Tiantai, Tendai, and Shingon—is predominantly practised in Nepal, Bhutan, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayāna teachings of eighth-century India, is practised in the Himalayan states as well as in Mongolia[25] and Russian Kalmykia.[26] Historically, until the early 2nd millennium, Buddhism was widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent;[27][28][29] it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.[30]

Etymology

The names Buddha Dharma and Bauddha Dharma come from Sanskrit: बुद्ध धर्म and बौद्ध धर्म respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). Dharmavinaya comes from Sanskrit: धर्मविनय, literally meaning "doctrines [and] disciplines".


The Buddha ("the Awakened One") was a Śramaṇa who lived in South Asia c. 6th or 5th century BCE.[31][32] Followers of Buddhism, called Buddhists in English, referred to themselves as Sakyan-s or Sakyabhiksu in ancient India.[33][34] Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term Bauddha,[35] although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists.[36]

("not being at ease", "suffering") is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle (samsara, lit.'wandering') of grasping at things, ideas and habits

Dukkha

Samudaya (origin, arising, combination; "cause"): dukkha is caused by ("craving", "desire" or "attachment", literally "thirst")

taṇhā

(cessation, ending, confinement): dukkha can be ended or contained by the confinement or letting go of taṇhā

Nirodha

Marga (path): the path leading to the confinement of taṇhā and dukkha, classically the but sometimes other paths to liberation

Noble Eightfold Path

Both Theravāda and Mahāyāna accept and revere as the founder, Mahāyāna also reveres numerous other Buddhas, such as Amitabha or Vairocana as well as many other bodhisattvas not revered in Theravāda.

the Buddha Sakyamuni

Both accept the , Dependent origination, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, the Three Jewels, the Three marks of existence and the Bodhipakṣadharmas (aids to awakening).

Middle Way

Mahāyāna focuses mainly on the to Buddhahood which it sees as universal and to be practiced by all persons, while Theravāda does not focus on teaching this path and teaches the attainment of arhatship as a worthy goal to strive towards. The bodhisattva path is not denied in Theravāda, it is generally seen as a long and difficult path suitable for only a few.[462] Thus the Bodhisattva path is normative in Mahāyāna, while it is an optional path for a heroic few in Theravāda.[463]

bodhisattva path

Mahāyāna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves. Theravāda meanwhile does not accept that the arhat's nirvana is an inferior or preliminary attainment, nor that it is a selfish deed to attain arhatship since not only are arhats described as compassionate but they have destroyed the root of greed, the sense of "I am".[463]

[464]

Mahāyāna accepts the authority of the many Mahāyāna sutras along with the other Nikaya texts like the Agamas and the Pali canon (though it sees Mahāyāna texts as primary), while Theravāda does not accept that the Mahāyāna sutras are (word of the Buddha) at all.[465]

buddhavacana

Buddhists generally classify themselves as either Theravāda or Mahāyāna.[452] This classification is also used by some scholars[453] and is the one ordinarily used in the English language.[454] An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), East Asian Buddhism (or just "Eastern Buddhism") and Indo-Tibetan Buddhism (or "Northern Buddhism").[note 29]


The Theravada tradition traces its origins as the oldest tradition holding the Pali Canon as the only authority. The Mahayana tradition reveres the Canon but also derivative literature that developed in the 1st millennium CE; its roots are traceable to the 1st century BCE. The Vajrayana tradition is closer to the Mahayana, includes Tantra, and as he younger of the three is traceable to the 1st millennium CE.[455][456]


Some scholars use other schemes, such as the multi-dimensional classification in the Encyclopedia of Religion.[457] Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including: Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism.[458][459]


Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:[460][461]

BuddhaNet

Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network

SuttaCentral

Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels

Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA

East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide

East West Center

Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet)

Richard Hayes, Leiden University

Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism

Access to Insight

Readings in Theravada Buddhism

Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik)

Readings in Zen Buddhism

Nagarjuna Institute – UWest

Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon

Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages)

Readings in Buddhism

at Open Directory Project

Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism

from Patheos

The Future of Buddhism series

Archived 20 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Smithsonian

Buddhist Art

V&A Museum

Buddhism – objects, art and history

Tricycle

Buddhism for Beginners