Imperialism
Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire.[2][3][4] While related to the concepts of colonialism, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.[5]
For other uses, see Imperialism (disambiguation).Etymology and usage[edit]
The word imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium,[6] which means supreme power, "sovereignty", or simply "rule".[7] The word “imperialism” was originally coined in the 19th century to decry Napoleon's despotic militarism[8] and became common in the current sense in Great Britain during the 1870s, when it was used with a negative connotation.[9] By the end of the 19th century it was being used to describe the behavior of empires at all times and places.[10] Hannah Arendt and Joseph Schumpeter defined imperialism as expansion for the sake of expansion.[11]
Previously, the term had been used to describe what was perceived as Napoleon III's attempts at obtaining political support through foreign military interventions.[9] The term was and is mainly applied to Western and Japanese political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized around an imperial core and a periphery.[12] This definition encompasses both nominal empires and neocolonialism.
Primary sources