Indo people
The Indo people (Dutch: Indische Euraziatischen, Indonesian: Orang Indo) or Indos are Eurasian people living in or connected with Indonesia. In its narrowest sense, the term refers to people in the former Dutch East Indies who held European legal status but were of mixed Dutch and indigenous Indonesian descent as well as their descendants today.
This article is about the Eurasian people in Indonesia. For the Eurasian language family, see Indo-European. For other uses, see Indo.
Indische Euraziatischen
Orang Indo
Orang Indo
458,000 (2001)[1]
In the broadest sense, an Indo is anyone of mixed European and Indonesian descent. Indos are associated with colonial culture of the former Dutch East Indies, a Dutch colony in Southeast Asia and a predecessor to modern Indonesia after its proclamation of independence shortly after World War II.[6][7][8][9] The term was used to describe people acknowledged to be of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, or it was a term used in the Dutch East Indies to apply to Europeans who had partial Asian ancestry.[9][10][11][12][13] The European ancestry of these people was predominantly Dutch, but also included Portuguese, German, British, French, Belgian and others.[14]
The term "Indo" is first recorded from 1898,[15] as an abbreviation of the Dutch term Indo-European. Other terms used at various times are 'Dutch Indonesians', 'Eurasians',[16] 'Indo-Europeans', 'Indo-Dutch'[9] and 'Dutch-Indos'.[17][18][19][20][21]
Studio portrait of an Indo-European family, Dutch East Indies (ca. 1900)
The first wave, 1945–1950: After Japan's capitulation and Indonesia's declaration of independence, around 100,000 people, many former captives that spent the war years in Japanese concentration camps and then faced the turmoil of the violent period, left for the Netherlands. Although Indos suffered greatly during this period, with 5,500 people killed in the last Bersiap period, the great majority did not leave their place of birth until the next few waves.
Bersiap
The second wave, 1950–1957: After formal Dutch recognition of Indonesia's independence, many civil servants, law enforcement, and defence personnel left for the Netherlands. The colonial army was disbanded and at least 4,000 of the South Moluccan price soldiers and their families were also relocated to the Netherlands. The exact number of people that left Indonesia during the second wave is unknown. According to one estimate, 200,000 moved to the Netherlands in 1956.[85]
[84]
The third wave, 1957–1958: During the political conflict around the 'New-Guinea Issue', Dutch citizens were declared undesired elements by the young Republic of Indonesia and around 20,000 more people left for the Netherlands.
The fourth wave, 1962–1964: When the last Dutch-controlled territory (), was released to the Republic of Indonesia, the last remaining Dutch citizens left for the Netherlands, including around 500 Papua civil servants and their families. The total number of people that migrated is estimated at 14,000.
New Guinea
The fifth wave, 1949–1967: During this overlapping period a distinctive group of people, known as Spijtoptanten (Repentis), who originally opted for Indonesian citizenship found that they were unable to integrate into Indonesian society and also left for the Netherlands. In 1967, the Dutch government formally terminated this option. Of the 31,000 people who originally opted for Indonesian citizenship (Indonesian term: Warga negara Indonesia), 25,000 withdrew their decision over the years.[86][87][88]
[63]
Anglo-Burmese people
Anglo-Indian people
Afrikaners
Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad
Bersiap
Bụi đời
Decolonisation of Asia
Dutch Indies literature
Hafu
Hotel des Indes (Batavia)
Indies Monument
Indo cuisine
Kristang people
Njai
Pasar Malam Besar
Spanish Filipino
Stranger King (Concept)
Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)
(University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008) ISBN 9971-69-373-9
Bosma U., Raben R. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920
(in Dutch) Bussemaker, H. Th. Bersiap. Opstand in het Paradijs (Walburg Pers, Zutphen, 2005)
Cooper, Frederick and Stoler, Ann Laura Tensions of empire: colonial cultures in a bourgeois world (Publisher: University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997), Googlebook
(in Indonesian) Cote, Joost and Westerbeek, Loes. Recalling the Indies: Kebudayaan Kolonial dan Identitas Poskolonial, (Syarikat, Yogyakarta, 2004)
Crul, Lindo and Lin Pang. Culture, Structure and Beyond, Changing identities and social positions of immigrants and their children (Het Spinhuis Publishers, 1999) 90-5589-173-8
ISBN
(in Dutch) (Amsterdam University Press, 2009) ISBN 978-90-8964-125-0 Googlebook
De Vries, Marlene. Indisch is een gevoel, de tweede en derde generatie Indische Nederlanders.
Gouda, F. American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2002)
Krancher, Jan A. The Defining Years of the Dutch East Indies, 1942–1949 (McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers) 978-0-7864-1707-0
ISBN
(in German) (Master Thesis, Canterbury University of Kent, Social Anthropology, 1990) ISBN 0-904938-65-4
Kortendick, Oliver. Indische Nederlanders und Tante Lien: eine Strategie zur Konstruktion ethnischer Identität
Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 (Stanford University Press, 2001).
Schenkhuizen, M. Memoires of an Indo Woman (Edited and translated by Lizelot Stout van Balgooy), (Ohio University Press, no. 92 Athens, Ohio 1993)
(in Indonesian) Soekiman, Djoko. Kebudayaan Indis dan gaya hidup masyarakat pendukungnya di Jawa (Unconfirmed Publisher, 2000) 979-8793-86-2
ISBN
Taylor, Jean Gelman. The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1983) 978-0-300-09709-2
ISBN
Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003). 0-300-09709-3
ISBN
Assimilation Out:Europeans, Indo-Europeans and Indonesians seen through sugar from the 1880s to the 1950s
Culture, structure and beyond
Dutch East Indies, website dedicated to the Dutch-Indonesian community
(in Dutch)