Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia[a] is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia which is part of Oceania.[5] Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the Equator.
Area
4,545,792 km2 (1,755,140 sq mi)
135.6/km2 (351/sq mi)
$9.727 trillion[3]
$3.317 trillion (exchange rate)[4]
$5,017 (exchange rate)[4]
0.723
Southeast Asian
- Afro-Asiatic:
Arabic - Austroasiatic:
- Austronesian:
- Creoles:
- Dravidian:
- Great Andamanese:
- Indo-European:
- Bengali
- English
- French
- Persian
- Portuguese
- Spanish
- Hindi/Urdu
- Dutch
- Sinhala
- Rohingya
- Ongan:
- Tai–Kadai:
- Sino-Tibetan:
- Languages of Asia – All of the languages of Asia
-
Bandung
- Bekasi
-
Bangkok
-
Can Tho
- Da Lat
- Da Nang
-
Cebu City
- Davao City
- Denpasar
- Depok
-
George Town
- Hanoi
- Hai Phong
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Jakarta
- Kuala Lumpur
- Johor Bahru
- Makassar
- Manila
- Medan
- Palembang
- Quezon City
- Semarang
-
Singapore
- Surabaya
- Tangerang
-
Yangon
- Yogyakarta
- Banda Aceh
- Padang
- Ambon, Maluku
- Jayapura
The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities.[6] The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines, while the Sunda Plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of Bali. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Timor are part of the Alpide belt, while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as East Timor are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia.[7]
It covers about 4,500,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of Eurasia and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia.[8] The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.[9] Ten countries in the region are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members.[10]
Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by Indian, Chinese, Muslim, and colonial cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonized by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.[11] Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War II. The aftermath of World War II saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.[12]
Energy[edit]
Traditionally, the Southeast Asian economy has heavily relied on fossil fuels. However, it has begun transitioning towards clean energy. The region possesses significant renewable energy potential, including solar, wind, hydro, and pumped hydro energy storage. Modeling indicates that it could achieve a 97% share of solar and wind energy in the electricity mix at competitive costs ranging from $US 55 to $115 per megawatt-hour.[165]
The energy transition in Southeast Asia can be characterized as demanding, doable, and dependent.[166] This implies the presence of substantial challenges, including financial, technical, and institutional barriers. However, it is feasible, as evidenced by Vietnam's remarkable achievement of installing about 20 GW of solar and wind power in just three years.[167] International cooperation plays a crucial role in facilitating this transition.[166]
Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral in Cebu City, Philippines, the ecclesiastical seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu
A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.
