Joseph Brodsky
Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky[note 1] (/ˈbrɒdski/; Russian: Иосиф Александрович Бродский [ɪˈosʲɪf ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈbrotskʲɪj] ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in the United States with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at Mount Holyoke College, and at universities including Yale, Columbia, Cambridge, and Michigan. Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".[2] He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991.[3]
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Aleksandrovich and the family name is Brodsky.
Joseph Brodsky
Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky
24 May 1940
Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
(now Saint Petersburg, Russia)
28 January 1996 (aged 55)
New York City, U.S.
Isola di San Michele, Venice, Veneto, Italy
Poet, essayist
- Soviet Union (1940–72)
- Stateless (1972–77)
- United States (1977–96)
- Gorbunov and Gorchakov (1970)
- Less Than One: Selected Essays (1986)
- Marina Basmanova (1962–1967)
- Maria Kuznetsova
3
According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of Moscow State University, "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarded the honorary title of a canonized classic... Brodsky's literary canonization is an exceptional phenomenon. No other contemporary Russian writer has been honored as the hero of such a number of memoir texts; no other has had so many conferences devoted to them."[4] Daniel Murphy, in his seminal text Christianity and Modern European Literature, includes Brodsky among the most influential Christian poets of the 20th century, along with T. S. Eliot, Osip Mandelstam, Anna Akhmatova (Brodsky's mentor for a time), and W. H. Auden (who sponsored Brodsky's cause in the United States). Irene Steckler was the first to categorically state that Brodsky was "unquestionably a Christian poet".[5] Before that, in July 1972, following his exile, Brodsky himself, in an interview, said: "While I am related to the Old Testament perhaps by ancestry, and certainly the spirit of justice, I consider myself a Christian. Not a good one but I try to be."[6] The contemporary Russian poet and fellow-Acmeist, Viktor Krivulin, said that "Brodsky always felt his Jewishness as a religious thing, despite the fact that, when all is said and done, he's a Christian poet."[7]
In music[edit]
The 2011 contemporary classical album Troika includes Eskender Bekmambetov's critically acclaimed,[44][45] song cycle "there ...", set to five of Joseph's Brodsky's Russian-language poems and his own translations of the poems into English.[46] Victoria Poleva wrote Summer music (2008), a chamber cantata based on the verses by Brodsky for violin solo, children choir and Strings and Ars moriendi (1983–2012), 22 monologues about death for soprano and piano (two monologues based on the verses by Brodsky ("Song" and "Empty circle").