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Lebensraum

Lebensraum (German pronunciation: [ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm] , living space) is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901,[2] Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I (1914–1918), as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion.[3] The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany. Lebensraum was a leading motivation of Nazi Germany to initiate World War II, and it would continue this policy until the end of the conflict.[4]

For other uses, see Lebensraum (disambiguation).

Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into Central and Eastern Europe.[5] The Nazi policy Generalplan Ost (lit.'Master Plan for the East') was based on its tenets. It stipulated that Germany required a Lebensraum necessary for its survival and that most of the populations of Central and Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently (either through mass deportation to Siberia, extermination, or enslavement), including Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Czech, and other Slavic nations considered non-Aryan. The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during and following World War II.[6][7][8][9] Entire populations were ravaged by starvation; any agricultural surplus was used to feed Germany.[6] The Jewish population was exterminated outright.


Hitler's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum, especially when pursued by a racially superior society.[7] People deemed to be part of non-Aryan races, within the territory of Lebensraum expansion, were subjected to expulsion or destruction.[7] The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed it to be the right of the German Aryan master race (Herrenvolk) to remove the indigenous people in the name of their own living space. They took inspiration for this concept from outside Germany.[7] Hitler and Nazi officials took a particular interest in manifest destiny, and attempted to replicate it in occupied Europe.[9] Nazi Germany also supported other Axis Powers' expansionist ideologies such as Fascist Italy's spazio vitale and Imperial Japan's hakkō ichiu.[10]

Contemporary usages[edit]

Since the end of World War II, the term Lebensraum has been used in relation to different countries throughout the world, including China,[131][132] Egypt,[133][134] Israel,[135][136][137][138][139] Turkey,[140][141][142] Poland,[143] and the United States.[144]

Colonialism

for expansionist ideas in other countries

Expansionism

Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States

Imperialism

Irredentism

Malthusianism

(March 21, 1939). Mein Kampf. Introduction by James Vincent Murphy, the Irish translator of Mein Kampf who worked in Goebbels's Ministry of Propaganda from 1934 to 1938 (died 1946). Hurst and Blackett. The copy contains both, Volume 1: A Retrospect, and Volume 2: The national Socialist Movement, fully unexpurgated; in text file format without pagination. Reprinted in 1939 (before the US entered the war) by Houghton Mifflin, Boston Massachusetts. This book is still banned from publication in Germany – via Project Gutenberg Australia. Note: The term Lebensraum, as loan-word adopted in the English historiography long after World War II ended, does not appear in the first prewar translation of the original. [Also:] Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler (DjVu). Introduction by John Chamberlain et al. Reynal A Hitchcock; published by arrangement with Houghton Mifflin Company. 1941. Paginated, Complete and Unabridged – via Internet Archive.

Hitler, Adolf

Giaccaria, Paolo; Minca, Claudio (2016). "For a Tentative Spatial Theory of the Third Reich". In Giaccaria, Paolo; Minca, Claudio (eds.). Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press.  978-0-226-27442-3.

ISBN

Kamenetsky, Ihor (1961). . New York City: Bookman Associates.

Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe: A Study of Lebensraum Policies

Archived 2012-12-28 at archive.today, in the Yad Vashem website

The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder

Archived 2020-11-29 at the Wayback Machine—A map of Nazi plans for German empire

Utopia: The Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation

by Jeremy Noakes

Hitler and Lebensraum in the East