Liposuction
Liposuction, or simply lipo, is a type of fat-removal procedure used in plastic surgery.[1] Evidence does not support an effect on weight beyond a couple of months and does not appear to affect obesity-related problems.[2][3] In the United States, liposuction is the most common cosmetic surgery.[4][5]
Liposuction
Lipoplasty, lipectomy, fat modeling, liposculpture, suction lipectomy, suction-assisted fat removal, lipo, lymph-sparing liposuction, tumescent liposuction, water-assisted liposuction, power-assisted liposuction, laser-assisted liposuction, ultra-sound assisted liposuction
0JDL3ZZ: RT UPPER LEG; 0JDM3ZZ: LT UPPER LEG; OJDN3ZZ: RT LOWER LEG; 0JDP3ZZ: LT LOWER LEG
The procedure may be performed under general, regional, or local anesthesia. It involves using a cannula and negative pressure to suck out fat.[4] As a cosmetic procedure it is believed to work best on people with a normal weight and good skin elasticity.[4]
While the suctioned fat cells are permanently gone, after a few months overall body fat generally returns to the same level as before treatment.[2] This is despite maintaining the previous diet and exercise regimen. While the fat returns somewhat to the treated area, most of the increased fat occurs in the abdominal area. Visceral fat—the fat surrounding the internal organs—increases, and this condition has been linked to life-shortening diseases such as diabetes, stroke, and heart attack.[2]
History[edit]
Relatively modern techniques for body contouring and removal of fat were first performed by a French surgeon, Charles Dujarier, but a 1926 case that resulted in the amputation of the leg of a French dancer due to excessive tissue removal and too-tight suturing set back interest in body contouring for decades.[56][57]
Liposuction evolved from work in the late 1960s from surgeons in Europe using techniques to cut away fat, which were limited to regions without many blood vessels due to the amount of bleeding the technique caused.[56]
In the mid-1970s in Rome, Arpad Fischer and his son Giorgio Fischer created the technique of using a blunt cannula linked to suction; they used it only to remove fat on the outer thighs.[58] In 1977, Arpad Fischer and Giorgio Fischer reviewed 245 cases with the planotome instrument for treating cellulite in the lateral trochanteric (hip-thigh) areas. There was a 4.9 per cent incidence of seromas, despite incision-wound suction catheters and compression dressings; 2 per cent of the cases developed pseudocysts that required removal of the capsule (cyst) through a wider incision (>5 mm (0.20 in)) and the use of the panotome.[59][60] The Fischers called their procedure liposculpture.[61]
Yves-Gérard Illouz and Fournier extended the Fischers' work to the whole body, which they were able to use by using different sized cannulae.[56] Illouz later developed the "wet" technique in which the fat tissue was injected with saline and hyaluronidase, which helped dissolve tissue holding the fat, prior to suctioning.[56] Lidocaine was also added as a local anesthetic.[56] Fournier also advocated using compression after the operation, and travelled and lectured to spread the technique.[56] The Europeans had performed the procedures under general anesthesia; in the 1980s, American dermatologists pioneered techniques allowing only local anesthetics to be used; Jeffrey A. Klein published a method that became known as "tumescent" in which a large volume of very dilute lidocaine, along with epinephrine to help control bleeding via vasoconstriction, and sodium bicarbonate as a buffering agent.[56]
In 2015, liposuction surpassed breast augmentation surgery as the most commonly performed cosmetic procedure in the US.[62]