Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as "historical materialism," to understand class relations and social conflict. It also uses a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Marxism originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, As a result, there is no single, definitive Marxist theory.^[1] Marxism has had a profound impact in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts.^[2]^[3]^[4]

For the political ideology commonly associated with states governed by communist parties, see Marxism–Leninism.

In addition to the various schools of thought, which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, several Marxian concepts have been incorporated into an array of social theories. This has led to widely varying conclusions.^[5] Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining characteristics of Marxism have often been described using the terms "dialectical materialism" and "historical materialism," though these terms were coined after Marx's death and their tenets have been challenged by some self-described Marxists.^[6]

As a school of thought, Marxism has had a profound impact on society and global academia. To date, it has influenced many fields, including anthropology,^[7]^[8] archaeology,^[9] art theory, criminology,^[10] cultural studies, economics,^[11] education,^[12] ethics, film theory,^[13] geography,^[14] historiography, literary criticism, media studies,^[15]^[16] philosophy, political science, political economy, psychology, science studies,^[17] sociology, urban planning, and theatre.

Proletariat

[39]

Petite bourgeoisie

: a historically significant social class that retains some wealth and power.

Landlords

and farmers: a scattered class incapable of organizing and effecting socioeconomic change, most of whom would enter the proletariat while some would become landlords.

Peasantry

the educational aesthetics of Marxist education

[92]

Marxist analyses of the role of fixed capital in capitalist education

[93]

the educational psychology of capital

[94]

the educational theory of Lenin^[96]

[95]

the pedagogical function of the Communist Party^[98]

[97]

Agar, Jolyon (2006). Rethinking Marxism: From Kant and Hegel to Marx and Engels. London and New York: . ISBN 041541119X.

Routledge

(1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521096195.

Avineri, Shlomo

(1959). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804705608.

Dahrendorf, Ralf

(1986). An Introduction to Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521329221.

Elster, Jon

(1976). Main Currents of Marxism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0393329438.

Kołakowski, Leszek

(2008). "Marxism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 318–320. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n193. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024 – via Google Books.

Kuznicki, Jason T.

(2007). Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403997289.

McLellan, David

(1964) [1939]. Marxism: An Autopsy. Phoenix Books (1st Phoenix ed.). University of Chicago Press. OCLC 265852. OL 28368284M.

Parkes, Henry Bamford

(2008). "Marxism". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. pp. 337–340. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.

Prychitko, David

(2000) [1983]. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0241514177.

Robinson, Cedric J.

(1977). "Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix". Conflict In Perspective.

Rummel, R.J.

; Zamagni, Stefano (1993). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199279142.

Screpanti, Ernesto

(2017) [1985]. Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1786634269.

Sheehan, Helena

at the Encyclopædia Britannica