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Max von Laue

Max Theodor Felix von Laue (German: [maks fɔn ˈlaʊ̯ə] ; 9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.[2]

Max von Laue

Max Theodor Felix Laue

(1879-10-09)9 October 1879
Pfaffendorf, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire

24 April 1960(1960-04-24) (aged 80)

West Berlin, West Germany

University of Strasbourg
University of Göttingen
University of Munich
University of Berlin

X-ray diffraction
Laue equations

Theodore Hermann von Laue[1]

Nobel Prize for Physics (1914)
Matteucci Medal (1914)
Max Planck Medal (1932)

Physics

University of Zürich
University of Frankfurt
University of Berlin
Max Planck Institute

Max Planck
Arnold Sommerfeld

Leó Szilárd
Friedrich Beck
Gert Molière

Fritz London

In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of relativity, Laue had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided German scientific research and development during four decades. A strong objector to Nazism, he was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after World War II.

Biography[edit]

Early years[edit]

Laue was born in Pfaffendorf, now part of Koblenz, Germany, to Julius Laue and Minna Zerrenner. In 1898, after passing his Abitur in Strassburg, he began his compulsory year of military service, after which in 1899 he started to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the University of Strassburg, the University of Göttingen, and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). At Göttingen, he was greatly influenced by the physicists Woldemar Voigt and Max Abraham and the mathematician David Hilbert. After only one semester at Munich, he went to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Berlin in 1902. There, he studied under Max Planck, who gave birth to the quantum theory revolution on 14 December 1900, when he delivered his famous paper before the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.[3][4] At Berlin, Laue attended lectures by Otto Lummer on heat radiation and interference spectroscopy, the influence of which can be seen in Laue's dissertation on interference phenomena in plane-parallel plates, for which he received his doctorate in 1903.[5] Thereafter, Laue spent 1903 to 1905 at Göttingen. Laue completed his Habilitation[6] in 1906 under Arnold Sommerfeld at LMU.[7][8][9][10][11]

Laue, as chairman of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, gave the opening address at the 1933 physics convention. In it, he compared the and the oppression of his scientific views on the solar theory of Copernicus to the then conflict and persecution over the theory of relativity by the proponents of Deutsche Physik, against the work of Einstein, labeled "Jewish physics."

persecution of Galileo

who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919, wished to become the Führer of German physics and was a proponent of Deutsche Physik. Against the unanimous advice of those consulted, Stark was appointed President of the PTR in May 1933. However, Laue successfully blocked Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Johannes Stark

Haber received the in 1918. In spite of this and his many other contributions to Germany, he was forced to emigrate from Germany as a result of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which removed Jews from their jobs. Laue's obituary note[23] praising Haber and comparing his forced emigration to the expulsion of Themistocles from Athens was a direct affront to the policies of National Socialism.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry

In connection with Haber, Max Planck, Otto Hahn and Laue organized a commemoration event held in Berlin-Dahlem on 29 January 1935, the first anniversary of Haber's death – attendance at the event by professors in the civil service had been expressly forbidden by the government. While many scientific and technical personnel were represented at the memorial by their wives, Laue and Wolfgang Heubner were the only two professors to attend.[25] This was yet another blatant demonstration of Laue's opposition to National Socialism. The date of the first anniversary of Haber's death was also one day before the second anniversary of National Socialism seizing power in Germany, thus further increasing the affront given by holding the event.

[24]

1919: Corresponding member of the [11]

Prussian Academy of Sciences

1921: Regular member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences

[10]

From 1921: Chairman of the physics commission of the (Renamed in 1937: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderun der Forschung. No longer active by 1945.)[43]

Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft

From 1922: Member of the Board of Trustees of the [10]

Potsdam Astrophysics Observatory

1925 – 1933: Advisor to the (Today: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt).[10] Laue had been sacked in 1933 from his advisory position by Johannes Stark, Nobel Prize recipient and President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, in retribution for Laue's open opposition to the Nazis by blocking Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt

1931 – 1933: : Chairman of the [10]

Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft

Memberships in the , the Kant Society, the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1960),[44] the American Physical Society, the Société Française de Physique, the Société Française de Mineralogie et Crystallographie,[9] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[45] the American Philosophical Society,[46] and the United States National Academy of Sciences.[47]

Russian Academy of Sciences

Corresponding Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Munich, Turin, Stockholm, Rome (Papal), Madrid, the of Rome, and the Royal Society of London.[9]

Accademia dei Lincei

1914:

Nobel Prize for Physics

1932: of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft

Max-Planck Medal

1952: Knight of the Order

Pour le Mérite

1953:

Grand Cross with Star for Federal Services

1957: Officer of the of France[48]

Legion of Honour

1959: [11]

Helmholtz Medal of the East-Berlin Academy of Sciences

Landenburg Medal

Bimala–Churn–Law Gold Medal of the Indian Association at Calcutta

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Band 1: Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1911, and 1919)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Erster Band. Das Relativitätsprinzip der Lorentz-transformation. Vierte vermehrte Auflage. (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1921)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Zweiter Band : Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Und Einsteins Lehre Von Der Schwerkraft (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1921 and 1923)

Max von Laue Korpuskular- und Wellentheorie (Leipzig, 1933)

Max von Laue Die Interferenzen von Röntgen- und Elektronenstrahlen. Fünf Vorträge. (Springer, 1935)

Max von Laue Eine Ausgestaltung der Londonschen Theorie der Supraleitung (Barth, 1942)

Max von Laue Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen (Akadem. Verl.-Ges. Becker & Erler, 1944) (Geest und Portig, 1948)

[9]

Max Planck and Max von Laue Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie (Barth, 1948)

Max von Laue Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1948)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, 1953)

Max Planck and Max von Laue Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik de Gruyter (Gebundene, 1954)

Walter Friedrich, Paul Knipping, and Max von Laue Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen (J. A. Barth, 1955)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, 1955)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, 1956)

Max von Laue Max von Laue

Max von Laue Röntgenwellenfelder in Kristallen (Akademie-Verl., 1959)

Max von Laue Von Laue-Festschrift. 1 (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1959)

Max von Laue Von Laue-Festschrift. 2 (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)

Max von Laue and Ernst Heinz Wagner Röntgenstrahl-Interferenzen (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)

Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, 1961 and 1965)

Max von Laue Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 1 (Vieweg, 1961)

Max von Laue Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 2 (Vieweg, 1961)

Max von Laue Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 3 (Vieweg, 1961)

Max von Laue Aufsätze und Vorträge (Vieweg, 1961 and 1962)

Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, 1965)

Max von Laue Die Relativitätstheorie II. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg Friedr. und Sohn Ver, 1982)

History of special relativity

Laue equations

Sagnac effect

Trouton–Noble experiment

Twin paradox

Einstein synchronisation

Institut Laue–Langevin

Laue (crater)

10762 von Laue

Hentschel, Klaus, ed. (1996). Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Ann M. Hentschel (translator). Basel: . ISBN 0-8176-5312-0.

Birkhäuser Verlag

Walker, Mark H. (1995). Nazi science: myth, truth, and the German atomic bomb. New York: Plenum Press.  0-306-44941-2.

ISBN

(2005). The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0693-8.

Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike

Herneck, Friedrich (1979). Max von Laue. Leipzig: Teubner.

(1966). The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. New York: McGraw–Hill.

Jammer, Max

Lemmerich, Jost (2020). Max von Laue – Furchtlos und treu. Eine Biographie des Nobelpreisträgers für Physik (hardback). Rangsdorf: Basilisken-Presse.  978-3-941365-56-8.

ISBN

Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2012). Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime (Paperback). New York: Arcade Publishing.  978-1-61145-709-4.

ISBN

; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. Springer. ISBN 0-387-95174-1.

Mehra, Jagdish

Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. Springer.  0-387-95175-X.

ISBN

Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925. Springer.  0-387-95179-2.

ISBN

Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925. Springer.  0-387-95180-6.

ISBN

Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1988). Begegnungen mit Einstein, von Laue und Planck. Realität und wissenschaftliche Wahrheit. Braunschweig: Vieweg.  3-528-08970-9.

ISBN

Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1980). Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck. Wayne State University.  0-8143-1650-6.

ISBN

Walker, Mark H. (1993). German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.  0-521-43804-7.

ISBN

Zeitz, Katharina (2006). Max von Laue (1879–1960) Seine Bedeutung für den Wiederaufbau der deutschen Wissenschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Steiner Franz Verlag.  3-515-08814-8.

ISBN

– Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin (in German)

Max von Laue Biography

at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 February 1999) – University of Frankfurt on Main (in German)

Max von Laue Biography

on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 3 June 1920 Concerning the Detection of X-ray Interferences

Max von Laue

– An account of Laue's work is by Professor G. Granqvist, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics

Nobel Presentation Address