Katana VentraIP

Mexican Americans

Mexican Americans (Spanish: mexicano-estadounidenses, mexico-americanos, or estadounidenses de origen mexicano) are Americans of Mexican heritage.[12] In 2022, Mexican Americans comprised 11.2% of the US population and 58.9% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans.[3] In 2019, 71% of Mexican Americans were born in the United States;[13] they make up 53% of the total population of foreign-born Hispanic Americans and 25% of the total foreign-born population.[14] Chicano is a term used by some to describe the unique identity held by Mexican-Americans. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world (24% of the entire Mexican-origin population of the world), behind only Mexico.[15] Most Mexican Americans reside in the Southwest, with over 60% of Mexican Americans living in the states of California and Texas.[16][17][18][19][20][21]

Most Mexican Americans have varying degrees of Indigenous and European ancestry, with the latter being mostly Spanish origins.[22] Those of indigenous ancestry descend from one or more of the over 60 Indigenous groups in Mexico (approximately 200,000 people in California alone).[23] It is estimated that approximately 10% of the current Mexican American population are descended from early Mexican residents such as New Mexican Hispanos, Tejanos and Californios, who became US citizens in 1848 through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican–American War. Mexicans living in the United States after the treaty was signed were forced to choose between keeping their Mexican citizenship or becoming a US citizen. Few chose to leave their homes in the States.[1] The majority of these Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language and became Americanized.[24] Also called Hispanos, these descendants of independent Mexico from the early-to-middle 19th century differentiate themselves culturally from the population of Mexican Americans whose ancestors arrived in the American Southwest after the Mexican Revolution.[25][26] The number of Mexican immigrants in the United States has sharply risen in recent decades.[27]

From 1790 to 1850, there was no distinct racial classification of Mexican Americans in the US census. The categories recognized by the were White, Free People of Color, and Black. The Census Bureau estimates that during this period the number of persons who could not be categorized as white or black did not exceed 0.25% of the total population based on 1860 census data.[75]

Census Bureau

From 1850 through 1920, the Census Bureau expanded its racial categories to include multi-racial persons, under , Mulattos, as well as new categories of distinction of Amerindians and Asians. It classified Mexicans and Mexican Americans as "white".[75]

Mestizos

The 1930 US census added a separate category for "color" or "race" which declassified Mexicans as white. Census workers were instructed to write "W" for white and "Mex" for Mexican. Other categories were "Neg" for Negro; "In" for Amerindian; "Ch" for Chinese; "Jp" for Japanese; "Fil" for Filipino; "Hin" for Hindu; and "Kor" for Korean.

[76]

In the 1940 census, due to widespread protests by the Mexican American community following the 1930 changes, Mexican Americans were re-classified as White. Instructions for enumerators were: "Mexicans – Report 'White' (W) for Mexicans unless they are definitely of Indigenous or other non-white race." During the same census, however, the bureau began to track the White population of Spanish mother tongue. This practice continued through the 1960 census. The 1960 census also used the title "Spanish-surnamed American" in their reporting data of Mexican Americans; this category also covered Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans and others under the same category.

[75]

[75]

From 1980 on, the Census Bureau has collected data on Latino origin on a 100-percent basis. The bureau has noted in 2002 that an increasing number of respondents identify as of Latino origin but not of the White race.

[75]

50.6% of US-born Mexican men and 45.3% of US-born Mexican women were married to US-born Mexicans;

[136]

26.7% of US-born Mexican men and 28.1% of US-born Mexican women were married to non-Hispanic whites; and

[136]

13.6% of US-born Mexican men and 17.4% of US-born Mexican women were married to Mexico-born Mexicans.

[136]

Segregation issues[edit]

Housing market practices[edit]

Studies have shown that the segregation among Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants seems to be declining. One study from 1984 found that Mexican American applicants were offered the same housing terms and conditions as non-Hispanic white Americans. They were asked to provide the same information (regarding employment, income, credit checks, etc.) and asked to meet the same general qualifications of their non-Hispanic white peers.[140] In this same study, it was found that Mexican Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic white Americans to be asked to pay a security deposit or application fee[140] and Mexican American applicants were also more likely to be placed onto a waiting list than non-Latino white applicants.[140]

– Fifth-largest Mexican-American population.

Phoenix

– 30% of the almost 1 million people in the metro area.[157]

Tucson

Mexicans

Indigenous Mexican Americans

Mexico–United States barrier

Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border

American immigration to Mexico

Mexico–United States relations

Hyphenated American

Emigration from Mexico

History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles

History of Mexican Americans in Texas

History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth

History of Mexican Americans in Houston

History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit

Mexicans in Chicago

History of Mexican Americans in Tucson

Ethnic:


Political:


Cultural:


Film:

and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, eds. Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965 (Volume 1, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).

Dolan, Jay P.

Englekirk, Allan, and Marguerite Marín. "Mexican Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 195–217.

online

Gomez, Laura. (New York UP, 2007). ISBN 978-0-8147-3174-1

Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race

Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, and Irene Vásquez. Making Aztlán: Ideology and Culture of the Chicana and Chicano Movement, 1966-1977 (2014)

Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutiérrez. Encyclopedia of the Mexican American civil rights movement (Greenwood 2000)

online

Quiroz, Anthony (ed.), Leaders of the Mexican American Generation: Biographical Essays. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2015.

No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: The rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement (University of Texas Press, 2010) online

Orozco, Cynthia E.

Rosales, F. Arturo. Chicano! The history of the Mexican American civil rights movement (Arte Público Press, 1997);

online

Sánchez, George I (2006). "Ideology, and Whiteness in the Making of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, 1930–1960". Journal of Southern History. 72 (3): 569–604. :10.2307/27649149. JSTOR 27649149.

doi

- University of California Santa Barbara

California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – In the Chicano/Latino Collections

- University of California Santa Barbara

California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – Digital Chicano Art

Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine - University of California System

Calisphere > California Cultures > Hispanic Americans

- University of California Santa Barbara

ImaginArte – Interpreting and Re-imaging Chican@Art

Mexican American News – Network of the Mexican American Community

(Archived 2009-11-01)

Mexican Americans MSN Encarta

Think Mexican – News, Culture, and Information on the Mexican Community

Regiones de origen y destino de la migración México-Estados Unidos

Mexican Americans | History Detectives | PBS

A History of the Mexican-American People

Población Mexicana