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Chicano

Chicano (masculine form) or Chicana (feminine form) is an ethnic identity for Mexican Americans who have a non-Anglo self-image, embracing their Mexican Native ancestry.[1][2][3] Chicano was originally a classist and racist slur used toward low-income Mexicans that was reclaimed in the 1940s among youth who belonged to the Pachuco and Pachuca subculture.[4][5] In the 1960s, Chicano was widely reclaimed in the building of a movement toward political empowerment, ethnic solidarity, and pride in being of indigenous descent (with many using the Nahuatl language or names).[6][7] Chicano developed its own meaning separate from Mexican American identity.[6][8][9][10] Youth in barrios rejected cultural assimilation into the mainstream American culture and embraced their own identity and worldview as a form of empowerment and resistance.[11] The community forged an independent political and cultural movement, sometimes working alongside the Black power movement.[12][13]

"Chicana" redirects here. For the wrestler, see Sangre Chicana. For other uses, see Chicano (disambiguation).

The Chicano Movement faltered by the mid-1970s as a result of external and internal pressures. It was under state surveillance, infiltration, and repression by U.S. government agencies, informants, and agent provocateurs, such as through COINTELPRO.[14][15][16][17] The Chicano Movement also had a fixation on masculine pride and machismo that fractured the community through sexism toward Chicanas and homophobia toward queer Chicana/os.[18][19][20] In the 1980s, assimilation and economic mobility motivated many to embrace Hispanic identity in an era of conservatism.[21] The term Hispanic emerged from a collaboration between the U.S. government and Mexican-American political elites in the Hispanic Caucus of Congress. Likewise, the same assimilatory force associated with Hispanic has been tied to the usage of Latino.[22] They used the term to identify themselves and the community with mainstream American culture, depart from Chicanismo, and distance themselves from what they perceived as the "militant" Black Caucus.[23][24]


At the grassroots level, Chicana/os continued to build the feminist, gay and lesbian, and anti-apartheid movements, which kept the identity politically relevant.[21] After a decade of Hispanic dominance, Chicana/o student activism in the early 1990s recession and the anti-Gulf War movement revived the identity with a demand to expand Chicana/o studies programs.[21][25] Chicanas were active at the forefront, despite facing critiques from "movement loyalists", as they did in the Chicano Movement. Chicana feminists addressed employment discrimination, environmental racism, healthcare, sexual violence, and exploitation in their communities and in solidarity with the Third World.[26][27][28][29] Chicanas worked to "liberate her entire people"; not to oppress men, but to be equal partners in the movement.[30] Xicanisma, coined by Ana Castillo in 1994, called for Chicana/os to "reinsert the forsaken feminine into our consciousness",[31][32] to embrace one's Indigenous roots, and support Indigenous sovereignty.[33][32]


In the 2000s, earlier traditions of anti-imperialism in the Chicano Movement were expanded.[34] Building solidarity with undocumented immigrants became more important, despite issues of legal status and economic competitiveness sometimes maintaining distance between groups.[35][36] U.S. foreign interventions abroad were connected with domestic issues concerning the rights of undocumented immigrants in the United States.[34][37] Chicano/a consciousness increasingly became transnational and transcultural, thinking beyond and bridging with communities over political borders.[37] The identity was renewed based on Indigenous and decolonial consciousness, cultural expression, resisting gentrification, defense of immigrants, and the rights of women and queer people.[38][39] Xicanx identity also emerged in the 2010s, based on the Chicana feminist intervention of Xicanisma.[40][41][42]

also anglicized as "Latin." Some US Latinos use Latin as a gender neutral alternative.

Latino/a

Latin American (especially if immigrant).

Mexican; mexicano/mexicana

""

Brown

; [insert racial identity X] mestizo (e.g. blanco mestizo); pardo.

Mestizo

californiano (or californio) / californiana; /nuevomexicana; tejano/tejana.

nuevomexicano

Part/member of . (Internal identifier, Spanish for "the Race")

la Raza

American, solely.

Pocho

Caló

Casta

Chicana feminism

Chicano Moratorium

Chicano nationalism

Chicano Park

Cosmic race

Josefa Segovia

Latino punk

Mexican Americans

Race (U.S. Census)

Maylei Blackwell, ¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement.Austin: , 2011.

University of Texas Press

Rodolfo Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos, Longman, 2006.

John R. Chavez, "The Chicano Image and the Myth of Aztlan Rediscovered", in Patrick Gerster and Nicholas Cords (eds.), Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. St. James, New York: Brandywine Press, 1997.

John R. Chavez, The Lost Land: A Chicano Image of the American Southwest, Las Cruces: New Mexico State University Publications, 1984.

Lorena Oropeza, Raza Si, Guerra No: Chicano Protest and Patriotism during the Viet Nam War Era. Los Angeles:, 2005. ISBN 9780520241954.

University of California Press

Ignacio López-Calvo, Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction: The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety. , 2011.

University of Arizona Press

Natalia Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879–1940. Los Angeles: , 2006.

University of California Press

Michael A. Olivas, Colored Men and Hombres Aquí: Hernandez V. Texas and the Emergence of Mexican American Lawyering. Arte Público Press, 2006.

Randy J. Ontiveros, In the Spirit of a New People: The Cultural Politics of the Chicano Movement. , 2014.

New York University Press

Gregorio Riviera and Tino Villanueva (eds.), MAGINE: Literary Arts Journal. Special Issue on Chicano Art. Vol. 3, Nos. 1 & 2. Boston: Imagine Publishers. 1986.

F. Arturo Rosales, Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press, 1996.

Lorena Oropeza, The King of Adobe: Reies López Tijerina, Lost Prophet of the Chicano Movement. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019.  978-1-4696-5329-7

ISBN

California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – In the Chicano/Latino Collections

California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – Digital Chicano Art

Chicano Studies Research Center

Chicano tattoo gallery

1968-10-03, National Records and Archives Administration, American Archive of Public Broadcasting

Education and the Mexican-American; Racism in America : past, present, future symposium

El Centro Chicano y Latino

ImaginArte – Interpreting and Re-imaging Chican@Art